臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

印度與中國這兩個歷史悠久的文明古國，在長遠的歷史當中，友好交流的時間遠多過敵對的時間，文化交流的經驗更多於武裝對峙的經驗。然而在19世紀與20世紀，這兩個文明古國在接受西方殖民經驗後，融入了現代的國際體系；在國家安全、疆域、國家利益等等考量的影響之下，這兩個國家開始出現利益的衝突，包含領土糾紛，勢力範圍的認定等等。1962年印中邊界戰爭的爆發，更是使得印中關係遭受嚴重打擊。

在上述的歷史背景下，印度和中國於冷戰邁入尾聲的時候，展開了新的接觸，而在經過現代國家觀念下的物質矛盾衝突過後，印度的戰略學者們如何看待中國，變成了相當值得觀察的題目。本文觀察印度一間由國防部出資成立的智庫－IDSA，以其旗艦期刊：Strategic Analysis為文獻分析對象，觀察1988年自2008年期間的中國研究文獻；經由質化分析的方式，探尋出學者群的中國威脅認識狀態，輔以量化統計的方式來印證質化分析的結果，以期呈現出學者們較完整的中國認識面貌，並探討其可能變因。

第一章、緒論 1
第一節、前言 1
第二節、研究動機與目的 2
第三節、研究背景 5
（一）印度中國學 5
（二）印度安全研究概觀 5
（三）研究機構 6
（四）IDSA與Strategic Analysis期刊簡介 10
（五）小結 11
第四節、研究方法 11
第五節、研究架構 12
（一）威脅認識的界定 12
（二）時間因素 13
（三）可能的變因 13
第六節、各章安排 14

第二章、印度安全戰略文化 16
第一節、安全文化、戰略文化，與戰略思維 16
第二節、印度戰略文化的歷史 17
（一）印度教時期 18
（二）佛教時期 19
（三）回教統治與英國殖民統治時期 21
（四）獨立建國時期 24
第三節、小結 26

第三章 Strategic Analysis文獻分析 29
第一節、1976年中印關係正常化 29
第二節、印中邊界八輪會談與拉吉夫．甘地出訪中國 33
第三節、IDSA1988-1998文獻分析 39
（一）1988-1993年文獻分析 39
（二）1994-1998文獻分析 55
（三）1999-2003文獻分析 69
（四）2004-2008文獻分析 79
第四節、小結 87

第四章、文獻分析綜合整理 91
第一節、各時期中國威脅認識整理 91
（一）1988-1993年分析結果整理 91
（二）1994-1998年分析結果整理 94
（五）小結 101
第二節、特定學者中國威脅認識觀察 103
（一）Sujit Dutta 104
（二）Swaran Singh 106
（三）綜合比較 108
第三節、小結 109

第五章、結論 111
參考文獻 117
（一）中文資料 117
（二）英文資料 117
附錄：IDSA文獻列表 123

（一）中文資料
（1）專書
‧吳俊才，印度史（台北：三民書局，2010）。
‧彼得．卡贊斯坦，國家安全的文化：世界政治中的規範與認同（北京：北京大學出版社，2009）。
（2）期刊論文
‧B．坦克哈，「印度的中國學研究」，當代中國史研究，第14卷第5期（2008）。
‧石之瑜，黃威霖，余帛燦，「在帝國之外看見精神聯盟」，中國大陸研究，第53卷第3期（2008），頁89。
‧張勉勵，「印度的中國研究所」，當代中國史研究，第12卷第5期（2005），頁117。
（3）新聞報導
‧中國時報國際新聞，「印度承認一九七四年試爆原子彈」，中國時報，1998年五月，<http://forums.chinatimes.com/report/nuclear/1101.htm>。
（4）網路資訊
‧願子欣，「憶王炳男」，中國人民對外友好協會網站，<http://www.cpaffc.org.cn/lswh/detail.php?id=241>。
（二）英文資料
（1）專書
‧Chakrabarty, B. & Rajendra Kumar Pandey, Modern Indian Political Thought(New Delhi: Sage, 2009).
‧Deepak, B. R., India and China 1904-2004: A Century of Peace and Conflict, (New Delhi: Manak, 2005).
‧Ellsworth, Robert, Andrew Goodpaster, and Rita Hauser, Co-Chairs, America''s National Interests: A Report From The Commission on America''s National Interests (Cambridge, Mass.: Report for Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 1996).
‧Sidhu, W. P. S., & Yuan, China and India: Cooperation or Conflict? (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2003).
‧Singh, J., India’s Defence Spending: Assessing Future Needs (New Delhi: Knowledge World, 2001).
‧Waltz, K., Theory of International Politics(McGraw Hill Publishing Company, 1979).
（2）期刊論文
‧Acharya A. ,“China and the Changing World Order: Shifting Priorities in Defense and Diplomacy,” Strategic Analysis, :, 1991, pp. 147-162.
‧Acharya, A., “China''s Arm Sales: The Fulcrum of its South Asia Policy” Strategic Analysis, May, 1992, pp. 149-165.
‧Acharya, A., “Human Rights, the Changing World and the Chinese Dilemma,” Strategic Analysis, Nov., 1991, pp. 982-994.
‧Bakshi, J., “Sino‐Russian strategic partnership in central Asia: Implications for India,” Strategic Analysis, 25:2, 2001, pp. 161-183.
‧Bakshi, J., “Russia‐China boundary agreement: Relevance for India,” Strategic Analysis, 24:10, 2001, pp. 1833-1859.
‧Bakshi, J., “Post‐Cold War Sino‐Russian relations: Indian perspective,” Strategic Analysis, 26:1, 2002, pp. 80-117.
‧Banerjee, D., “China’s Policies in the 1990’s,” Strategic Analysis, April, 1991, pp. 4-16.
‧Bhattacharya, A., “The fallacy in the Russia‐India‐China triangle,” Strategic Analysis, 28:2, 2004, pp. 358-361.
‧Bhattacharya, A., “China’s Foreign Policy Challenges and Evolving Strategy,” Strategic Analysis, 30:1, 2006, pp. 182-204.
‧Bhattacharya, A., “Chinese Nationalism and the Fate of Tibet: Implications for India and Future Scenarios,” Strategic Analysis, 31: 2, 2007, pp. 238-240.
‧Bhardwaj, R. D., “China''s Economic Reform:The Role and Significance of SEZs,” Strategic Analysis, Feb., 1993, pp. 1089-1126.
‧Budania, R., “The Emerging International Security System: Threats, Challenges and Opportunities for India,” Strategic Analysis, 27:1, 2003, pp. 1-20.
‧Dadwal, Shebonti Ray, “China''s Search for Energy Security: Emerging Dilemmas,” Strategic Analysis, 31: 6, 2007, pp. 889-914.
‧Dutta, S., “China and the Security of India,” Strategic Analysis, May, 1988, pp. 123-144.
‧Dutta, S., “India’s Evolving Relations with China,” Strategic Analysis, July, 1995, pp. 477-502.
‧Dutta, S., “India-China Relations In The Post-Cold War Era,” Strategic Analysis, Nov., 1994, pp. 1412-1430.
‧Dutta, S., “Sino-American Relations: Trends and Prospects for the 1990’s,” Strategic Analysis, April, 1991, pp. 134-145.
‧Dutta, S., “Sino‐Indian Diplomatic Negotiations: A Preliminary Assessment,” Strategic Analysis, 22:12, 1999,pp. 1821-1834.
‧Dutta, S., “Securing the Sea Frontier: China’s Pursuit of Sovereignty Claims in the South China Sea,” Strategic Analysis, 29:2, 2005, pp. 269-294.
‧Dutta, S., “Revisiting China''s Territorial Claims on Arunachal,” Strategic Analysis, 32:4, 2008, pp. 549-581.
‧Gopalan, S., “India’s China Policy,” Strategic Analysis, March, 1992, pp. 1401-1414.
‧Gupta, K. P., “Conflict and Reconciliation with China,” China Report, issue of Nov., Dec., 1970.
‧Joshi, M., “The Sino-Indian Border Problem,” Strategic Analysis, Oct., 1992, pp. 683-694.
‧Joshi, S., “Prospects for security cooperation between India and Japan,” Strategic Analysis, 25:2, 2001, pp. 185-196.
‧Kamath, P. M., “US-China relations under the Clinton administration: Comprehensive engagement or the cold war again?” Strategic Analysis, 22:5, 1998, pp. 691-709.
‧Kanwal, G., “China''s long march to world power status: Strategic challenge for India,” Strategic Analysis, 22:11, 1999, pp. 1713-1728.
‧Kondapalli, S., “China''s naval strategy,” Strategic Analysis, 23:12, 2000, pp. 2037-2056.
‧Khurana, G.S., “Maritime Security in the Indian Ocean: Convergence Plus Cooperation Equals Resonance,” Strategic Analysis, 28:3, 2004, pp. 411-426.
‧Levine, S. I., “China and South Asia,” Strategic Analysis, Jan., 1989, pp. 1107-1126.
‧Mahapatra, C., “Nepal in China''s South Asian Strategy: Some Reflections,”Strategic Analysis, Sept., 1988, pp. 613-628.
‧Narayanan R., “The Chinese Discourse on the ‘Rise of China’,” Strategic Analysis, 31:4, 2007, pp. 645–663.
‧Norbu, D., “Chinese Strategic Thinking on Tibet and the Himalayan Region,”Strategic Analysis, Nov., 1988, pp. 371-395.
‧Ollapally, D. M., “India and the new Asian balance of power,” Strategic Analysis, 22: 4, 1998, pp. 515-526.
‧Panda, S., “Sino Indian Relations in a New Perspective,” Strategic Analysis, 27:1, 2003, pp. 1-17.
‧Pant, Girijesh, “Energy Security in Asia: The Necessity of Interdependence,” Strategic Analysis, 31:3, 2007, pp. 523-542.
‧Pant, H. V., “India in the Indian Ocean: Growing Mismatch Between Ambitions and Capabilities,” Pacific Affairs, 82:2, Summer 2009, pp. 279-297.
‧Pradhan, P., “People''s Republic of China: A Security Threat to India,” Strategic Analysis, Jan., 1988, pp. 1195-1210.
‧Rappai, M. V., “China''s quest for blue waters,” Strategic Analysis, 22: 9, 1998, pp. 1329-1340.
‧Sachar, B. S., “Military diplomacy through arms transfers: A case study of China,” Strategic Analysis, 28:2, 2004, pp. 290-310.
‧Sahgal, A., “China Faces Energy Crunch,” Strategic Analysis, 28:4, 2004, pp. 596-600.
‧Sakhuja, V., “Maritime power of people''s republic of china: The economic dimension,” Strategic Analysis, 24:11, 2001, pp. 2019-2033.
‧Singh, B. K., “The Political Economy of China’s Defence Modernisation,” Strategic Analysis, 29:4, 2005, pp. 680-705.
‧Singh, J., “Futrue of Sino-Indian Relations,” Strategic Analysis, March, 1994, pp. 1507-1518.
‧Singh, S., “China’s Arms Trade: Taking off again,” Strategic Analysis, Oct., 1994, p805.
‧Singh, S., “China’s Shadow over the South China Sea,” Strategic Analysis, Nov., 1994, p. 960.
‧Singh, S., “China''s energy policy for the 21st century,” Strategic Analysis, 22:12, 1999, pp. 1871-1885.
‧Singh, S., “The Kargil conflict: Why and how of China''s neutrality,” Strategic Analysis, 23:7, 1999, pp. 1083-1094.
‧Singh, S., “Sino‐US summit: Priorities, problems, and prospects,” Strategic Analysis, 22:3, 1998, pp. 373-385.
‧Singh, S., “China‐India: Expanding economic engagement,” Strategic Analysis, 24:10, 2001, pp. 1813-1831.
‧Singh, S.J., “What Constitutes National Security in a Changing World Order?: Indias Strategic Thought,” CASI Occasional Paper, No.6, June 1998, pp. 1-16.
‧Singh, S., “Sino‐Indian ties: Need for bold initiatives,” Strategic Analysis, 22:11, 1999, pp. 1729-1742.
‧Singh, S., “China’s Post-Cold War National Security Doctrine,” Strategic Analysis, April, 1995, pp. 45-59.
‧Stobdan, P., “China’s Forays into Burma—Implication for India,” Strategic Analysis, April, 1993, pp. 21-37.
‧Stobdan, P., “China''s Central Asia Dilemma,” Strategic Analysis, 22: 3, 1998, pp. 399-408.
‧Sundararaman, S., “Sino‐US summit: Priorities, problems, and prospects,” Strategic Analysis, 23:1, 1999, pp. 373-385.
‧Yadav, S. S., “Current Anglo-American interpretation of the Sino-Indian War: Scholarship or Propaganda?,” Strategic Analysis, Jan., 1989, pp. 1127-1146.
‧Zaman, R. U., “Kautilya: The Indian Strategic Thinker and Indian Strategic Culture,” Comparative Strategy, 25:3, 2006, pp. 231-247.
（3）專書論文
‧V.R. Raghavan, “Strategic Culture: A Military Perspective,” Emerging India-Security and Foreign Policy Perspectives(New Delhi: Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis, 2005), in NS Sisodia and C Uday Bhaskar’s edit.
（4）研討會論文
‧Krause, K., “Critical Theory and Security Studies,” YCISS Occasional Paper, #33, February 1996.
‧Panda, J. P., “China Studies in Indian Think-Tanks,” paper presented at the AAS-ICWA Conference, 21-23, 2009, at New Delhi, pp. 1-16.
（5）報刊文章
‧Editorials, “What America Must Do to Compete with Chindia?,” Business Week (Aug 22, 2005), <http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_34/b3948073_mz029.htm>.
（6）網路資訊
‧CPR官方網站，<http://www.cprindia.org/staffs.php>。
‧ICWA官方網站，<http://www.icwa.in/aboutus.html>。
‧IDSA網站，成員簡介，<http://www.idsa.in/profile/sdutta>。
‧IDSA, Research Aganda<http://www.idsa.in/system/files/IDSA_Research_Agenda_0.pdf>.
‧IPCS官方網站，<http://www.ipcs.org/>。
‧Janata Party網站，<http://janataparty.org/president.html>。
‧ORF官方網站，<http://www.observerindia.com/cms/sites/orfonline/home.html>。
‧Tanham, G., “Indian Strategic Thought: An Interpretive Essay,” Rand Org., 1992, <https://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R4207/>.
‧印度尼赫魯大學網站，教職員介紹頁面，<http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/ssingh/>。