臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

水庫於春夏兩季易因水體優養化造成藻類大量繁殖，藻類死亡後易腐敗而釋出有機物與鐵錳等還原性物質，產生的濁度、臭味及色度易增加混凝劑及前氧化劑使用量、沉澱池出水濁度偏高阻塞濾池及增加濾池反沖洗頻率等問題。本研究以寶山水庫及寶山第二水庫為主要水源之寶山淨水場原水為研究對象，經實驗室及模廠試驗，探討有無前氧化、氧化劑及混凝劑種類對原水混凝沉澱處理效率之影響。
試驗結果顯示。在無混凝劑添加下，前氯本身即可降低濁度，但以高錳酸鉀進行前氧化處理則產生二氧化錳增加濁度。以鋁鹽為混凝劑的條件下，不論以氯或高錳酸鉀為前氧化劑，對濁度及顆粒數的去除皆有正面效果。若以鐵鹽取代鋁鹽作為混凝劑，氯易破壞鐵鹽膠羽的生成，造成出水顆粒去除率比單純鐵鹽混凝的情況差。比較不同混凝劑的效果，則可明顯看出鐵鹽在濁度及顆粒數的去除上皆優於鋁鹽。有機物去除部份：單獨以低劑量的前氧化劑處理，對於水中NPDOC的影響並不明顯。以高錳酸鉀配合鐵鹽的處理流程，對於NPDOC的去除則明顯高於無前氧化或以氯配合鐵鹽的流程。然而，不論以高錳酸鉀或氯為前氧化劑，在高劑量下，皆會造成NPDOC明顯提高。消毒副產物的生成潛能，以THMFP7days為例，水中的消毒副產物主要來源為水中溶解性有機物，顆粒性有機物的貢獻不大。鐵鹽在消毒副產物生成潛能的去除效果較鋁鹽佳，前氧化劑則以高錳酸鉀的效果較好。

English Abstract
Eutrophication in reservoir leads to algal blooms during spring and summer days. After death, algae release organic compounds and reducing materials such as iron and manganese. These chemical in the reservoir may cause turbidity, odor, and color increasing, resulting in consuming more coagulant and pre-oxidants 、the higher turbidity of outflow of sedimentation tank and increasing frequency of filter backwash. This study take Baoshan water treatment factory, which converge Baoshan Reservoir and Baoshan second Reservoir water as the main source of raw water, as research object to discuss the effect of raw water treatment efficiency after different dosage and different types of pre-oxidant、coagulant treatment by laboratory test and model test.

The results showed that using chlorine as pre-oxidants can reduce the turbidity without coagulant treatment. However, manganese dioxide produced by using potassium permanganate as pre-oxidants would increase water turbidity. Taking alum as a coagulant, it has positive effects whether chlorine or potassium permanganate as pre-oxidants in the removal of turbidity and particles. However, taking ferric chloride to replace the alum as coagulant, chlorine as pre-oxidant can easily make flocs formation decrease, resulting in more residual particles in the outflow of sedimentation tank than without pre-oxidants treatment. Compare the effect of different coagulants, we can see that using ferric chloride as coagulant is better than alum in the removal of turbidity and particles. In the removal of organic compound-- NPDOC, it has no significant difference with low-dosage pre-oxidants treatment. The efficiency of Permanganate - ferric chloride process is higher than no pre-oxidation treatment, or chlorine- ferric chloride process for the removal of NPDOC. However, either potassium permanganate or chlorine as pre-oxidants in high-dose treatment would lead to NPDOC significantly increased. Taking disinfection byproducts formation potential : THMFP7days, as an example, the main sources of disinfection by-product is soluble organic compounds.Particulate and organic compounds seldom cause disinfection by-product formation. Process of using ferric chloride as coagulant and potassium permanganate as pre-oxidant generated good removal efficiency than alum in the formation potential of disinfection by-products

目錄
中文摘要
英文摘要
致謝
目錄...................................................I
表目錄...............................................III
圖目錄................................................IV

第一章 前言.............................................1

第二章 文獻回顧.........................................2
2.1 自然水體中存在物質分類與性質........................2
2.1.1 水中無機物分類與性質............................2
2.1.2 水中有機物分類與性質............................3
2.2 傳統淨水技術、單元與程序............................6
2.3濁度與顆粒計數..................................... 9
2.3.1 水中顆粒數目及粒徑分佈量測原理.................9
2.3.2 顆粒計數、粒徑分佈和濁度之相關性...............10
2.3.3 粒徑分佈的應用.................................11
2.3.4 顆粒計數的應用.............................. ..13

第三章 實驗設備與方法..................................15
3.1試驗流程............................................15
3.1.1 實驗室試驗.....................................15
3.1.1.1 前氧化試驗.................................16
3.1.1.2 瓶杯試驗...................................16
3.1.1.3 膠羽特性分析...............................18
3.1.2 模場試驗.......................................24
3.2分析方法....................................... ....28


第四章 實驗室試驗結果與討論............................34
4.1實驗室試驗程序與數據分析......................... .34
4.2膠羽特性分析................................. .... 42

第五章 模廠試驗結果與討論.............................49
5.1原水水質.......................................... 49
5.2 混凝沉澱之探討.....................................52
5.2.1前氧化對鋁鹽混沉的影響...................... .53
5.2.2前氧化對鐵鹽混沉的影響......................... 57
5.2.3沉澱池出水水質之顆粒數與濁度相關性............. 60
5.2.4混凝劑對沉澱池出水顆粒去除的影響................64
5.2.5討論............................................71

第六章 結論與建議.................................... 73
6.1 結論.............................................. 73
6.2 建議.............................................. 74
參考文獻.............................................. 75
附錄...................................................79


表目錄
表3-1寶山原水水質.........................15
表3-2模場操作條件.......................................27
表3-3模場主要試驗流程表.................................27
表4-1 寶山原水需氯量試驗.................................35
表4-2 寶山原水需高錳酸鉀量實驗...........................35
表4-3寶山原水硫酸鋁混沉之殘餘濁度....................... 36
表4-4寶山原水氯化鐵混沉之殘餘濁度....................... 37
表4-5寶山原水硫酸鋁混沉之殘餘NPDOC..................... 39
表4-6 寶山原水氯化鐵混沉之殘餘NPDOC..................... 40
表4-7 前氧化及混凝劑對三鹵甲烷七天生成潛能之去除..... ...41
表4-8 鋁鹽和鐵鹽膠羽特性.................................42
表5-1 鋁鹽試驗流程之原水顆粒分布情形.....................50
表5-2 鐵鹽試驗流程之原水顆粒分布情形.....................50
表5-3 沉澱池出水各粒徑顆粒相對於原水之顆粒去除率.........54
表5-4 沉澱池出水各粒徑顆粒相對於原水之顆粒去除率.........57
表5-5鋁鹽實驗流程中各顆粒在沉澱池出水之顆粒數與分布百分比
... ....... ....... ................ ..............62
表5-6鐵鹽實驗流程中各顆粒在沉澱池出水之顆粒數與分布百分比
.... ....... ....... ................ ..............62


圖目錄
圖 3-1 實驗室試驗流程圖.................................17
圖3-2 膠羽沉降示意圖................................ ...21
圖3-3 沉降瓶杯細部設計圖............................. ..21
圖3-4 不規則膠羽粒徑量測方式............................22
圖3-5 碎形維度量測示意圖................................23
圖3-6 碎形維度量測流程圖................................23
圖3-7 模型廠試驗處理流程圖..............................26
圖4-1 寶山原水硫酸鋁混沉之殘餘濁度圖....................36
圖4-2 寶山原水氯化鐵混沉之殘餘濁度圖....................37
圖4-3 寶山原水硫酸鋁和氯化鐵之混凝沉澱之殘餘濁度........38
圖4-4 寶山原水硫酸鋁混沉之NPDOC圖......................39
圖4-5 寶山原水氯化鐵混沉之殘餘NPDOC圖..................40
圖4-6 鋁鹽和鐵鹽對膠羽密度之影響........................45
圖4-7 鋁鹽和鐵鹽對膠羽碎形維度之比較(無前氧化) .........46
圖4-8 鋁鹽和鐵鹽對膠羽碎形維度之比較(前加氯，1mg/L) ....47
圖4-9 鋁鹽和鐵鹽對膠羽碎形維度之影響(高錳酸鉀，0.4 mg/L).48
圖5-1 原水濁度與顆粒數迴歸直線方程式....................52
圖5-2 鋁鹽在不同種類與濃度前氧化下之沈澱池顆粒去除率....53
圖5-3 不同前氧化情況下之濁度去除效果(硫酸鋁)............56
圖5-4 鐵鹽在不同種類與濃度前氧化下之沈澱池顆粒去除率....57
圖5-5 不同前氧化情況下之濁度去除效果(氯化鐵) ...........59
圖5-6 鋁鹽沉澱池出水濁度與顆粒數迴歸直線方程式..........61
圖5-7 鐵鹽沉澱池出水濁度與顆粒數迴歸直線方程式..........61
圖5-8 不同實驗流程之沉澱池出水顆粒數....................63
圖5-9 不同實驗流程之沉澱池出水顆粒去除率比較............63
圖5-10 無前氧化之鋁鹽和鐵鹽顆粒去除率比較................65
圖5-11 低劑量之氯為前氧化劑的條件下鋁鹽和鐵鹽顆粒去除率比較
.................................................. 66
圖5-12有無前氯對鋁鹽和鐵鹽顆粒去除率變化比較.......... .67
圖5-13高錳酸鉀為前氧化劑的條件下鋁鹽和鐵鹽顆粒去除率比較
.................................................. 67
圖5-14有無高錳酸鉀對鋁鹽和鐵鹽顆粒去除率變化比較........ 68
圖5-15不同劑量的氯為前氧化劑對沉澱池出水顆粒去除率的影響69
圖5-16有無前氧化對鋁鹽混凝劑之沉澱池出水顆粒去除率影響 70
圖5-17 有無前氧化對鐵鹽混凝劑之沉澱池出水顆粒去除率影響 70

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