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研究生:陳得時
研究生(外文):DerShyr Che
論文名稱:Ⅰ.以半連續式微波處理都市垃圾焚化飛灰中重金屬之研究Ⅱ.以固相微萃取/氣相層析儀偵測血液中鉛含量之初步研究
論文名稱(外文):Ⅰ. A study on semi-continuous microwave process for removal of heavy metals in fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineratorⅡ. Determination of lead content in blood by solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography (SPME-GC)
指導教授:許道平
指導教授(外文):Hsu Tau-Being
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:淡江大學
系所名稱:水資源及環境工程學系
學門:工程學門
學類:土木工程學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2001
畢業學年度:89
語文別:中文
中文關鍵詞:微波飛灰重金屬固相微萃取血液
外文關鍵詞:microwavefly ashheavy metalsSPMEleadblood
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:3
  • 點閱點閱:382
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:51
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:2
Ⅰ. 以半連續式微波處理都市垃圾焚化飛灰中重金屬之研究
未來國內垃圾處理方式將以焚化處理為趨勢,而焚化產生之飛灰大部分皆屬有害物質,以往處理方式為固化再予以掩埋,唯飛灰中重金屬有溶出之虞,本研究之目的為利用微波萃取處理飛灰中重金屬,降低重金屬含量,使飛灰無害化後以一般廢棄物掩埋處理方式處理。
以往萃取飛灰中重金屬之方式為淋洗或是震盪萃取,其缺點為耗時甚久,而微波萃取之優點為縮短萃取時間。因此本研究利用微波萃取找出最佳萃取溶劑為HCl,並利用直交表法L9(34)設定4個實驗因子求出最佳微波萃取飛條件為;(1)微波功率546W、(2)萃取時間25秒、(3)HCl濃度0.3M、(4)固液比1/20。於回收之萃取液中添加濃HCl,調pH值至0.57可再重複使用,萃取效果為原萃取液的85∼99%之間。微波萃取飛灰中重金屬鉛、銅、鋅及鎘之去除率分別為89.6、97.2、79.1及92.8%。鎘在微波處理前之毒性溶出試驗(TCLP)溶出量為15.37mg/L,處理後之TCLP溶出量為0.16mg/L,已低於法規標準。鉛在微波萃取前之TCLP溶出量為35.42mg/L,處理過後之TCLP溶出量為6.11mg/L。銅、鋅雖無法規標準之限制,TCLP重金屬溶出量皆有明顯的降低。
Ⅱ. 以固相微萃取/氣相層析儀偵測血液中鉛含量之初步研究
傳統分析血中鉛的方法為石墨爐原子吸收光譜法,本研究欲以固相微萃取結合氣相層析儀分析血液中之鉛含量。血液樣品之前處理以Triton-X-100(0.1%)稀釋血液樣品破壞紅血球釋出鉛離子。三氯乙酸(10%)使血球及蛋白質沈澱。
固相微萃取法具有萃取、濃縮等功用,而且幾乎不需任何溶劑,它的應用很廣泛,可萃取水、空氣甚至土壤中的有機物,像農藥、酚等,而本研究主要是應用在萃取血液中的鉛,在萃取前,必須先將無機鉛經四乙基硼化鈉乙基化,使成揮發性四乙基鉛,再利用上空式(headspace)的固相微萃取方法萃取,最後經氣相層析儀熱脫附,管柱分離後以火焰式離子偵測器偵測。
本研究經實驗所獲得之最佳萃取條件為:吸附纖維採100 m polydimethylsiloxane、萃取前溶液之 pH 4.0、吸附時間15分鐘、吸附溫度25℃及添加四乙基硼化鈉(2 %) 0.2 mL。原始血液中鉛濃度為5.96ug/dL。

Ⅰ. A study on semi-continuous microwave process for removal of heavy metal in fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator
The incineration was wildly used in the pretreatment of the municipal solid waste ( MSW ). But the incinerated fly ash contained heavy metals, and considered to be harmful material. The purpose of this study is to extract heavy metal in fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator using microwave.
The traditional leaching or shaking method was used to remove the heavy metals in fly ash . The whole processes were time-consuming. In this study, the microwave extraction methods was presented, and the extraction time was decreased to minites.
The dilute HCl solution was as an extraction reagent to extract the fly ash, and the experiments were designed to use mix level orthogonal array to find the optimized extracting condition. The optimized conditions were microwave power: 546 W; extract time, 25 sec; extracting solution, 0.3 M HCl; solid / liquid ratio, 1 / 20. The results showed that the removal rate of metals were 89.6% of Pb, 97.2% of Cu, 79.1% of Zn, 92.8 of Cd in fly ash by the microwave extraction treatment.
Ⅱ. Preliminary determination of lead content in blood by solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography (SPME-GC)
Traditional method for the determination of lead in whole blood was by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The purpose of this study was to optimize the extracting procedure for determination of lead in whole blood by SPME-GC with flame ionization detector (FID). The solution 0.1% Triton-X100 was used to release lead from the erythrocytes. Corpuscles and protein were precipitated by adding 10% trichloracetic acid. The four factors of mix level orthogonal array design for SPME were used in this work and found the following conditions to be optimal: sample pH, 4.0 and 1M acetic acid buffer volume, 1 mL (pH 4.0); extraction time,15 mins; 2% sodium tetraethylborate (STEB) solution,0.2ml; with SPME fiber, 100m poly(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS).
The lead ion was first derivatized with STEB to form tetraethyllead, which is then absorbed on SPME fiber in the headspace over the sample. After sampling, the fiber was withdrawn into the needle and the SPME device was transferred to the GC. The needle in the SPME device is introduced into the GC injector which the absorbed analytes are thermally desorbed and delivered to the GC column,5% phenyl 95% dimethyl-polysiloxame (30m×0.25mm I.D×0.25m, DB-5 MS), and finally organic lead was detected by FID. The conecntration of lead blood was found, 5.96
ug / dL

第一章 緒 論 .................................................1
1-1 前言..................................................1
1-2 研究..................................................1
1-3研究目的及內容.........................................2
第二章 文獻回顧...............................................3
2-1 重金屬的基本性質......................................3
2-2 重金屬對人體的危害....................................3
2-3 垃圾焚化飛灰之背景之資料..............................4
2-3-1 垃圾焚化飛灰之來源.................................4
2-3-2 垃圾焚化飛灰之基本性質.............................4
2-3-3 垃圾焚化飛灰中重金屬之來源.........................5
2-4 垃圾焚化飛灰之處理方式................................6
2-4-1高溫熔融法..........................................8
2-4-2水泥固化法..........................................8
2-4-3 合成沸石法.........................................8
2-4-4 磷酸鹽穩定化法.....................................9
2-4-5 溶液萃取法.........................................9
2-5 微波萃取之介紹.......................................11
2-5-1 微波之基本原理....................................11
2-5-2 影響微波之因素....................................12
2-5-3 微波與傳統加熱方式之比較..........................13
2-6火焰式原子吸收光譜法..................................16
2-6-1 原理簡介..........................................16
2-6-2 干擾..............................................16
2-6-3標準樣品之準備.....................................17
第三章 實驗材料、設備及方法..................................18
3-1 實驗設備.............................................18
3-1-1 一般實驗設備......................................18
3-3-2 半連續式微波處理裝置..............................18
3-1-3 火焰式原子吸收光譜儀..............................21
3-2實驗材料..............................................22
3-3實驗藥品與試劑........................................22
3-3-1實驗藥品...........................................22
3-3-2實驗溶液...........................................23
3-4 實驗方法.............................................23
3-4-1器皿清洗...........................................23
3-4-2 樣品之基本特性分析................................23
3-4-2-1飛灰樣品之處理與製備............................23
3-4-2-2 毒性特性溶出程序...............................24
3-4-2-3粒徑分析........................................24
3-4-2-4含水率..........................................25
3-4-2-5酸鹼值..........................................25
3-4-3 微波功率測定......................................25
3-4-4 王水消化法之步驟..................................26
3-4-5 以密閉式批次微波處理飛灰中重金屬之步驟............27
3-4-6 以密閉半連續式微波萃取飛灰中重金屬................27
3-4-6-1 密閉半連續式微波處理裝置之建立.................27
3-4-6-2 以密閉半連續式微波萃取飛灰中重金屬之步驟.......28
第四章 結果與討論............................................32
4-1微波功率測試結果......................................32
4-2飛灰之基本特性........................................32
4-3標準品檢量線之建立....................................32
4-4最佳萃取溶劑之決定....................................35
4-5最佳微波萃取條件......................................42
4-5-1 微波萃取飛灰中鉛之直交表結果......................43
4-5-2 微波萃取飛灰中銅之直交表結果......................45
4-5-3 微波萃取飛灰中鋅之直交表結果......................47
4-5-4 微波萃取飛灰中鎘之直交表結果......................49
4-6影響微波萃取飛灰中中金屬之因素........................51
4-6-1 微波功率..........................................51
4-6-2 萃取時間..........................................51
4-6-3 HCl濃度...........................................51
4-6-4 固液比............................................52
4-7飛灰樣品之重複萃取....................................55
4-8以密閉半連續式微波萃取飛灰中重金屬....................55
4-9飛灰樣品處理前後後之比較..............................58
第五章 結論與建議............................................60
第六章 參考文獻..............................................61
第一章 緒 論 ................................................66
1-1前言..................................................66
1-2研究動機與目..........................................66
第二章 文獻回顧..............................................68
2-1 鉛的物理及化學性質...................................68
2-2 鉛的一般用途.........................................68
2-3 鉛的吸收、代謝.......................................68
2-4 鉛對人體的危害.......................................69
2-5 血中鉛參考標準.......................................71
2-6 石墨爐原子吸收光譜測定法.............................71
2-6-1石墨爐原子吸收光譜儀原理...........................71
2-6-2血液樣品前處理方法.................................73
2-7感應耦合電漿質譜測定法................................73
2-8微波消化方法..........................................74
2-9 固相微萃取法/氣相層析儀..............................76
2-9-1 固相微萃取法之簡介................................76
2-9-2 固相微萃取法之原理................................76
2-9-3 固相微萃取法之萃取方式............................78
2-9-4 固相微萃取法之應用................................78
2-9-5 固相微萃取法應用於血中鉛之分析....................80
2-9-6 氣相層析儀........................................80
2-9-6-1 火焰離子化偵測器 ..............................81
第三章 實驗材料、設備及方法..................................82
3-1 實驗設備.............................................82
3-1-1 氣相層析儀........................................82
3-1-1-1 氣相層析儀.....................................82
3-1-1-2 層析管柱.......................................82
3-1-1-3 氣體及氣體純化裝置.............................82
3-1-1-4 資料處理器.....................................83
3-1-1-5 操作條件.......................................83
3-1-2 氣相層析儀與質譜儀................................83
3-1-2-1 GC操作條件.....................................84
3-1-2-2 MS操作條件.....................................84
3-1-3 固相微萃取裝置....................................84
3-1-3-1 固相微萃取裝置.................................84
3-1-3-2 SPME纖維之清理.................................85
3-1-4 一般設備..........................................85
3-2 實驗藥品與試劑.......................................87
3-3 實驗方法與步驟.......................................88
3-3-1 容器之清洗........................................88
3-3-2 樣品配製..........................................88
3-3-2-1 全血的製備.....................................88
3-3-2-2 鉛標準溶液製備.................................88
3-3-3 血液前處理步驟....................................88
3-3-4 SPME萃取步驟......................................89
第四章 結果與討論............................................92
4-1 血液樣品前處理.......................................92
4-2 固相微萃取血中鉛之最佳吸附條件.......................92
4-3影響固相微萃取血液中四乙基鉛之因素....................97
4-3-1 吸附溫度之影響....................................97
4-3-2 吸附時間之影響....................................97
4-3-3 pH值之影響........................................98
4-3-4 攪拌速度之影響....................................98
4-3-5 熱脫附溫度之影響..................................98
4-3-6 熱脫附時間的影響..................................99
4-3-7 纖維上靜相之影響..................................99
4-4 四乙基鉛之定性與檢量線製作...........................99
4-5 方法空白實驗........................................104
4-6 全血添加鉛之回收率試驗……..........................104
第五章 結論與建議...........................................111
第六章 參考文獻.............................................112

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