臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

非法濫用藥物為現今各國最大之問題，由於各種不同形式之管道，致使濫用藥物之人體毒害至深，有鑑於此，本次研究將針對最常用之濫用藥物，如K他命，安非他命，FM2，海洛英，古柯鹼等毒品，運用簡單快速之檢測分析技術，予以有效分析，並應用於真實樣品中，以提供各鑑識檢驗單位之運用。

Illicit and abused drugs are often known by street names that vary from area to area. A call to a local police station, or animal or human poison control center, can be extremely helpful in identifying the illicit substance. Most human hospitals, emergency clinics, or veterinary diagnostic laboratories have illicit drug screens available and can check for the presence of illicit drugs or their metabolites in different body fluids. The presence of a parent drug or its metabolites in blood or urine may help confirm the exposure in suspect cases. Veterinarians should contact these laboratories for the types of samples needed and time required for completion.
Commonly available over-the-counter drug test kits may be helpful in ruling out a suspected case of illicit drug toxicosis. These test kits are inexpensive, efficient, and easy to use. They are designed to detect drug metabolites in the urine and can detect most commonly available illicit or recreational drugs such as amphetamines, cocaine, marijuana, opiates, and barbiturates. The sensitivities and specificities of these test kits may vary. The instructions provided with each kit should be followed carefully for best results.
In this work, first, we have simultaneously determinated and quantified ketamine and its major metabolites, norketamine, 5,6-dehydronorketamine, and deaminonorketamine, in human urine and hair using liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE) in combination with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (Chapter 2).
The next, we also have investigated a rapid, simple, and highly efficient on-line preconcentration method using in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) for the analysis of abused drugs including ketamine (Chapter 3), flunitrazepam (Chapter 4), cocaine, heroine, opiates (Chapter 5), and their major metabolites. The optimized sweeping method was also used to examine a urine sample. We conclude that sweeping with micellar electrokinetic chromatography has considerable potential use in clinical and forensic analyses of flunitrazepam and its metabolites.
Finally, we have devised a rapid and highly efficient separation method for the separation and analysis of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and ephedrine using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and dry-film-based microchip capillary electrophoresis (DFB-MCE) with electrochemical detection. These analytes were separated in a plastic microchip capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. The capillary electrophoresis-based methods are extremely complementary to GC/MS-based forensic analyses (Chapter 6).

Chapter 1 8
Introduction 8
1.1. Introduction 8
1.2. Objective of the work 11
1.2.1. Comparison of analysis of abused drug by the use of GC/MS in conjunction with liquid–liquid and solid phase extraction methods 11
1.2.2. Research of on-line preconcentration and determination of abused drugs by micellar electrokinetic chromatography: Complementary method to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry 12
1.2.3. Research of separation and identification of abused drugs using MEKC /dry-film-based microchip capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection 12
References 14
Chapter 2 19
Simultaneous determination and quantitation of ketamine and its major metabolites by the use of GC/MS in conjunction with liquid–liquid and solid phase extraction methods 19
2.1. Introduction 19
2.2. Materials and methods 21
2.2.1. Apparatus 21
2.2.2. Chemicals 21
2.2.3. Procedures for sample preparation and extraction from urine and hair samples 22
2.3. Results and discussion 24
2.3.1. Mass spectra of ketamine and its major metabolites 24
2.3.2. Linearity 24
2.3.3. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) 24
2.3.4. Repeatability tests 25
2.3.5. Analysis and comparison of ketamine and its major metabolites 25
2.3.6. Recovery of extraction 26
2.4. Conclusion 28
References 29
Chapter 3 41
On-line preconcentration and determination of ketamine and norketamine by micellar electrokinetic chromatography: Complementary method to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry 41
3.1. Introduction 41
3.2. Experimental 44
3.2.1. Chemicals 44
3.2.2. Apparatus 44
3.2.3. Sweeping and separation procedures 45
3.2.4. GC/MS apparatus and method 45
3.2.5. Solid-phase extraction procedure 46
3.3. Results and discussion 47
3.3.1. Optimizing the conditions for separation by sweeping MEKC 47
3.3.2. Three-dimensional representation of the effects 48
3.3.3. Comparing MEKC and sweeping MEKC 49
3.3.4. Separating and determining of ketamine and norketamine in suspect urine samples 49
3.4. Conclusion 50
References 51
Chapter 4 61
Sweeping technique combined with micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the simultaneous determination of flunitrazepam and its major metabolites 61
4.1. Introduction 61
4.2. Materials and methods 63
4.2.1. Apparatus 63
4.2.2. Chemicals 63
4.2.3. Procedure 63
4.3. Results and discussion 65
4.3.1. Effects of separation conditions for flunitrazepam and its major metabolites 65
4.3.2. Comparing normal MEKC and sweeping MEKC 66
4.4. Conclusion 68
References 69
Chapter 5 74
Analysis of a wide variety of illicit drugs using cation-selective exhaustive injection/sweep-micellar electrokinetic chromatography 74
5.1. Introduction 74
5.2. Experimental 76
5.2.1. Chemicals 76
5.2.2. Apparatus 76
5.2.3. Capillary electrophoresis procedures 77
5.2.4. Stock standard solution 77
5.2.5. Liquid–liquid extraction of tablets 77
5.2.6. Solid-phase extraction of urine samples 78
5.3 Results and discussion 79
5.3.1 Optimizing separation conditions 79
5.3.2. Comparing the separations using normal MEKC, sweeping-MEKC, and CSEI- sweep-MEKC 80
5.3.3. Simultaneous determination and quantitation of cocaine, heroin, and opiates in powder samples 81
5.3.4. Simultaneous determination and quantitation of cocaine, heroin, and opiates in urine samples 81
5.4. Conclusion 83
References 84
Chapter 6 95
On-Chip Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatographic Separation of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, and Ephedrine with Electrochemical Detection 95
6.1. Introduction 95
6.2. Materials and methods 97
6.2.1. Chemicals 97
6.2.2. Dry-film-based microchip fabrication 97
6.2.3. Instrumentation 98
6.2.4. Electrophoresis procedures 98
6.2.5. GC/MS apparatus and method 99
6.2.6. Solid phase extraction procedure for urine samples 99
6.3. Results and discussion 101
6.3.1. Optimization of electrochemical detection performance 101
6.3.2. Effect of SDS concentration in the running buffer 101
6.3.3. EOF behavior of the analytes in the DFB-MCE microchannel 102
6.3.4. Application of the analysis of real urine sample 103
6.4. Concluding remarks 104
References 105
Publications 114
Abbreviation 132
Schedules and Items of Controlled Drugs.………………………………………………..135
ScheduleⅠControlled Drugs (including their salts)…………………………………..135
Schedule Ⅱ Controlled Drugs (including their salts) ……………………………….136
Schedule Ⅲ Controlled Drugs (including their salts) ……………………………….145
Schedule Ⅳ Controlled Drugs (including their salts) ……………………………….147

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