臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
本論文旨在應用及探討方法到配電系統的饋線重組與電容配置。本文的提出，期望能有助於配電系統之自動化管理控制。就數學觀念而言，饋線重組及電容補償乃屬於一種最佳化問題，具有待最佳化的目標函數與一些限制條件。本文使用模擬退火法、遺傳演算法、混合整數差分進化法來解該等最佳化問題。
饋線重組是藉由切換常開開關及常閉開關來改變配電系統的拓蹼結構。本研究採用系統平均停電次數指標及系統平均停電時間指標來評估系統之可靠度。饋線重組屬最佳化問題，以可靠度改善及電力損失為目標，該問題將以混合整數差分進化法及模擬退火法來求解。
虛功率補償部份是在特定的負載情況下，及符合電壓限制條件下，在饋線上決定裝置電容的最佳位置、大小及型式，並期望其有最低的總成本，而此總成本包含饋線上的電力損失之成本及所安裝的電容之成本。因此，配電系統電容補償也是一種組合最佳化問題，以總成本為目標函數及電壓限制為條件。本研究將以應用模擬退火法、遺傳演算法及混合整數差分進化法等方法來求解該等最佳化問題。
本文亦考慮含有諧波的電源及非線性負載的情況，在不違背電壓的限制條件且總諧波失真也在諧波管制標準內，來決定最佳的電容器配置，使其有最低的總成本。
最後本文也提出將饋線重組及電容補償同時考慮來求解，運算結果顯示，將兩者整體考量來求解的結果較之兩者分開考量求解的結果，更能有效增進目標函數值。
本研究並以台灣電力公司某些二次變電所之饋線及數個IEEE例題系統來模擬印證。本文方法可應用於新設配電系統的規劃與既有系統的運轉。

ABSTRACT
This dissertation aims to introduce and explore methods for feeder reconfiguration and capacitor placement of distribution systems. Hopefully, this study can benefit automation management control of distribution systems. Mathematically, feeder reconfiguration and capacitor placement are optimization problems, in which an objective function must be optimized subject to certain constraints. Techniques such as simulated annealing (SA), genetic algorithm (GA), and mixed-integer hybrid differential evolution (MIHDE) are employed to solve those optimization problems.
Feeder reconfiguration is performed via changing the open/closed states of sectionalizing switches and tie switches to alter the topological configuration of the system. Two reliability indices are employed to evaluate the system reliability, namely system average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) and system average interruption duration index (SAIDI). Formulations are developed for computing these reliability indices and power loss. Feeder reconfiguration is an optimization problem aimed at achieving the objectives of reliability improvement and loss reduction. This problem is solved using the SA and MIHDE techniques.
Capacitor placement is employed to reduce power loss and correct voltage deviation for given load patterns. The problem of capacitor placement includes determining the location, size and type of the capacitors compensated. Capacitor placement is a combinatorial optimization problem that contains an objective function comprising power losses and capacitor installation costs subject to voltage constraints, which is solved here by employing the SA, GA, and MIHDE techniques.
The nonlinear part of electrical loads has enhanced significantly in recent years. This study examines optimal capacitor placement, taking into account distorted substation voltage and nonlinear loads. The objective is to correct voltage deviation and reduce power loss under total harmonic distortion (THD) limits.
This study also explores the problem of simultaneously considering feeder reconfiguration and capacitor settings. The numerical results show that the objective can be optimized more effectively by considering the above two together than by considering them separately.
The proposed approaches are demonstrated using practical secondary substations of the Taiwan Power Company and some IEEE example systems. The proposed methods are applicable to both planning new systems and operating existing systems.

目 錄
中文摘要 i
英文摘要 iii
目錄 v
圖目錄 ix
表目錄 xii
符號表 xiv
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究背景與動機 1
1-2 文獻探討 4
1-3 本論文之貢獻 8
1-4 各章節內容 10
第二章 相關理論 12
2-1 可靠度基本觀念 12
2-1-1 通用可靠度函數 12
2-1-2 平均故障間隔時間 14
2-2 配電系統基本觀念 17
2-2-1 一次與二次配電系統 17
2-2-2 一次配電系統接線型式 18
2-3 配電系統可靠度指標 20
2-3-1 配電系統可靠度指標定義 20
2-3-2 配電系統可靠度計算 22
2-3-3 兩饋線進行重組之可靠度指標計算 25
2-4 配電系統電力潮流分析 27
2-4-1 電力潮流的表達方式 27
2-4-2 高斯-賽德法 28
2-4-3 饋電線潮流方程式 29
2-4-4 饋線損失的計算 30
2-5 電力電容器 32
2-5-1 裝置電容器的效益 32
2-5-2 電容器的選定 35
2-5-3 加入電容器後饋電線潮流方程式之修正 35
2-5-4 靈敏度指標及其應用 36
第三章 人工智慧理論 38
3-1 模擬退火法 38
3-2 遺傳演算法 42
3-2-1 傳統型遺傳演算法 43
3-2-2 浮點式遺傳演算法 50
3-2-3 遺傳演算法的演算特性 53
3-3 混合整數差分進化法 55
3-3-1 差分進化法 55
3-3-2 混合差分進化法 58
3-3-3 混合整數差分進化法 61
第四章 配電饋線重組的應用 70
4-1 應用饋線重組來提昇可靠度 70
4-2 應用饋線重組來降低損失 78
4-3 應用饋線重組來提昇可靠度並降低損失 91
第五章 電容補償的應用 97
5-1 電容補償應用窮舉搜尋法 97
5-2 電容補償應用靈敏度指標法 103
5-3 電容補償應用模擬退火法 108
5-4 電容補償應用遺傳演算法 112
5-5 電容補償應用混合整數差分進化法 115
5-6 電容補償併用靈敏度指標法與混合整數差分進化
法 118
5-7 討論本章應用之方法 121
第六章 電容補償考慮諧波 125
6-1 問題描述 125
6-1-1 目標函數 125
6-1-2 基本假設 126
6-2 負載模型分析 128
6-2-1 非線性負載模型 128
6-2-2 考慮變電所非完美弦波供電 130
6-2-3 電容選擇與成本函數 132
6-3 計算程序 134
6-4 應用範例 136
第七章 同時考慮饋線重組與電容補償之應用 144
7-1 問題描述 144
7-2 應用範例 148
第八章 結論與未來研究建議 154
8-1 結論 154
8-2 未來研究建議 157
參考文獻 159
附錄A 兩饋線進行重組SAIFI的推導 173
附錄B 饋電線潮流方程式電壓的推導 175
作者簡介 177

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