臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

探討印象管理對個體人格特質差異與組織公民行為之中介情形，共發放 247 份問卷，有效回收率達96.1%，回收資料透過相關分析以及結構方程式檢驗本研究提出的假設，實證結果顯示個體人格特質的差異的確會影響個體選擇從事的印象管理戰術；哀求與威嚇戰術分別為馬基唯利與組織公民行為的中介變項；一般性自我效能與特殊自我效能則不需要經由印象管理的中介效果，便可以影響組織公民行為，也就是主管對工作者本身的知覺。

The associations between personality, impression management, and organization citizen behavior are discussed. The questionnaire used at current study is designed cross-sectional, containing Self-Monitoring Scale, Machiavellianism Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale, Impression Management Scale, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Scale, administered to 247 supervisors and 247 employees. The validate response rate was 96.1%. Multivariate analytical results indicated that the differentiations between employees might affect their involvement with impression management; supplication and intimidate tactics may be the intervening variables between Machiavellianism and Organizational Citizenship Behavior; General & Specific Self-Efficacy would directly influence Organizational Citizenship Behavior, which indicates the supervisors’ perception of employees will directly affected by General & Specific Self-Efficacy.

第一章 研究動機與目的………………………………………………1
第一節 研究動機………………………………………………………1
第二節 研究目的………………………………………………………2
第二章 文獻探討………………………………………………………3
第一節 印象管理………………………………………………………3
第二節 人格特質………………………………………………………9
第三節 組織公民行為…………………………………………………16
第三章 研究方法………………………………………………………19
第一節 研究架構………………………………………………………19
第二節 研究假設………………………………………………………20
第三節 研究變項操作性定義與量表來源……………………………22
第四節 研究對象與樣本特性…………………………………………27
第五節 資料分析與統計方法…………………………………………30
第四章 研究結果與分析………………………………………………31第一節 量表信效度檢驗………………………………………………31
第二節 變數相關分析與描述統計……………………………………41
第三節 研究假設檢驗…………………………………………………43
第五章 結論與建議……………………………………………………51
第一節 研究結論………………………………………………………51
第二節 建議……………………………………………………………56
第三節 研究限制與對後續研究之建議………………………………58
參考文獻……………………………………………………………… 59
附錄一：主管評量部屬問卷………………………………………… 64
附錄二：部屬自評問卷……………………………………………… 67

表目錄
表3-4-1 樣本特性描述……………………………………………… 28
表3-4-2 樣本所屬企業特性描述…………………………………… 28
表4-1-1 個體人格特質差異的驗證性分析………………………… 32
表4-1-2 印象管理的驗證性分析…………………………………… 36
表4-1-3 組織公民行為的驗證性分析……………………………… 38
表4-1-4 各量表之信度……………………………………………… 40
表4-2-1 各變項之相關係數………………………………………… 42
表4-3-1 修正模型的路徑分析……………………………………… 44
表4-3-2 假設驗證結果……………………………………………… 50

圖目錄
圖3-1-1 研究架構…………………………………………………… 19
圖4-1-1 個體人格特質差異測量模型估計………………………… 34
圖4-1-2 印象管理測量模型估計…………………………………… 37
圖4-1-2 組織公民行為測量模型估計……………………………… 39
圖4-3-1 修正後模型路徑圖………………………………………… 45

一、中文部份
王智弘譯(1992)， Haferkamp C. J. 著，1989，自我監控理論在諮商督導上的運用，輔導月刊，28 (1)，31-35。
吳幸宜譯，Gredler M. E. 著，1994，學習理論與教學運用，台北：心理出版社。
吳明隆， 2000， SPSS 統計應用實務， 台北︰ 松崗電腦圖書資料股份有限公司。
李青芬、李雅婷、趙慕芬譯， Robbins S. P.著，1994，組織行為學，台北：華泰書局。
黃建達(2000)，主管與部屬人際交換關係之決定要素及其對部屬工作態度影響之研究，中壢：中央大學未出版之碩士論文。
二、外文部份：
Bandura,A..(1977), Self-Efficacy: Towards a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147
Bandura, A. & Schunk, D. H. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(3), 586-598.
Batman, T., & Organ, D. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The relationship between affect and employee "citizenship". Academy of Management Journal, 26, 587-595.
Bolino, M. C. (1999). Citizenship and impression management: Good soldiers or good actors? Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 82-98.
Bolino, M. C., & Turnley, W. H. (2003). More than one way to make an impression: Exploring profiles of impression management. Journal of Management, 29, 141-160.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
Bozeman, D. P. & Kacmar, K. M. (1997). A cybernetic model of impression management processes in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 69(1), 9-30.
Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structure equation modeling with amos: basic concepts, applications, and programming. N J: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic press
Fandt, P. M., & Ferris, G. R. (1990). The Management of Information and Impression: When Employees Behave Opportunistically. Organization Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 45 (1), 140-158.
Gardner, W. L. & Martinko, M.J. (1988). Impression Management in Organizations.
Journal of Management, 14 (2), 321-338.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity
to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453.
Ickes, W., Reidhead, S., & Patterson, M. (1986). Machiavellianism and self-monitoring: As different as “me” and “you.” Social Cognition, 4, 58-74.
Jones, E.E. (1965), Ingratiation: A Social-Psychological Analysis, New York: AAppelton-Century-Crofts.( http://faculty.babson.edu/krollag/org_site/soc_psych/jones_ingrat.html)
Katz, D. (1964). The motivation bases of organizational behavior, Behavioral Science, 9, 131-133.
Kumar K, & Beyerlein M. (1991). Construction and validation of an instrument for measuring ingratiatory behaviors in organizational settings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 619-627.
Lam, S. S. K., Hui, C., & Law, K. S. (1999). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Comparing perspectives of supervisors subordinates across four international Samples, Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(4), 594-601.
Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. (1990). Impression Management: A Literature Review and Two-Component Model. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 34-47.
Liden, R. C. & Mitchell, T. R. (1988). Ingratiatory behaviors in organizational settings. Academy of Management Review, 13(4), 572-587.
Mackenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Fetter, R. (1993). The impact of organizational citizenship behavior on evaluations of salesperson performance. Journal of Marketing, 57, 70-80.
Mudrack, P. E., Mason E. S., & Stepanski K. M., (1999), Equity Sensitivity and Business Ethics, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,72(4), 539-560.
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in achievement settings. Review of Educational
Research, 66, 543-578.
Podsakoff, P. M., Ahearne, M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (1997). Organizational Citizenship Behavior and the Quantity and Quality of Work Group Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 262-27.
Posdakoff, P. M. & MacKenzie, S. B. (1994). Organizational citizenship behaviors and sales unit effectiveness. Journal of Marketing Research, 31(3), 351-363.
Posdakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, B. and Bachrach, D. (2000). Organizational citizenship behavior: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26 (3), 513-563.
Rioux, S., & Penner, L. A. (2001). The causes of organizational citizenship behavior: A motiv-ational analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1306–1314.
Robinson, J. P. & Shaver P R. (1985). Measures of social psychological attitudes. Institute for social research, 590-594.
Rosenfeld, L., Anderson, T., Hatcher, G., Roughgarden, J., and Shkedy, Y. (1995). Upwelling fronts and barnacle recruitment in central California. MBARI tech. report, 95-19.
Schnake, M. (1991). Organizatinal Citizenship: A Review, Proposed Model, and
Research Agenda. Human Relations, 44, 735-759.
Sherer, M. & Adams C. (1983). Construct Validation of the Self-Efficacy Scale. Psychological Reports, 53(3), 899-902.
Sherer, M. & Maddux, J.E. (1982). The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation, Psychological Reports, 51, 663-671.
Smith, C. A., Organ, D. W. & Near, J.P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 653-663.
Snyder, M. (1974). Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 526-537.
Snyder, M., & DeBono K. G. (1985). Appeals to image and claims about quality: Understanding the psychology of advertising, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 586-597.
Snyder, M., & Gangestad, S.（1986）. On the nature of self-monitoring: Matters of assessment, matters of validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 125-139.
Tedeschi, J. and Melburg, V. (1984). Impression Management and Influence in the Organization, Research in the Sociology of Organization, 3, 31-58.
Turnley, W. H., & Bolino, M. C. (2001). Achieving desired images while avoiding undesired images: Exploring the role of self-monitoring in impression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 351-360.
Wayne, S. J. & Green, S. A. (1993). The effects of leader-member exchange on employee citizenship and impression management behavior. Human Relations, 46(12), 1431-1440.
Wayne, S. J. & Ferris, G. R. (1990). Influence tactics, affect, and exchange quality in supervisor-subordinate interactions: A laboratory experiment and field study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(5), 487-499.