臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

市售預濃縮青梅汁（17.8 oBrix）於90℃加熱再濃縮三倍所製得之梅精以冷凍乾燥除去水分後，以95%乙醇萃取之萃取液經分離與鑑定，共得10種化合物，分別為p-coumaric acid、benzoic acid、5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF)、citric acid、benzyl β-glucopyranoside、chlorogenic acid methyl ester、chlorogenic acid ethyl ester、neochlorogenic acid ethyl ester、cryptochlorogenic acid methyl ester及cryptochlorogenic ethyl ester，其中五種chlorogenic acid衍生物均具有與Trolox®近似之清除DPPH自由基能力， IC50介於18.74~22.87 μM間。
四種不同品種（大青、胭脂、軟枝、野生）之青梅以相同製備條件製得之樣品以HPLC 分析，其層析圖譜極為相似，顯示樣品間之成分差異不大。
以90℃加熱濃縮之大青梅汁，neochlorogenic acid之含量隨濃度升高而逐漸下降，濃縮八到十倍的過程中下降幅度最大，chlorogenic acid無顯著變化，cryptochlorogenic acid含量則隨濃度之提高而微幅上升。大青梅汁中之neochlorogenic acid、chlorogenic acid及cryptochlorogenic acid之含量分別為0.54、0.09、＜0.026 mg/g；十倍濃縮之大青梅精中，則分別含有2.36、0.72、1.02 mg/g；而八倍濃縮之梅精中，三者之總含量可高達4.60 mg/g。
HMF在新鮮青梅汁中並不存在，濃縮八倍至十倍之過程中，梅汁中HMF之含量大幅上升；十倍濃縮之梅精中，HMF含量高達3.47 mg/g。
Citric acid 與malic acid為梅子果實中含量最多的有機酸，分別為50.35及13.08 mg/g，加熱濃縮過程中此二化合物幾無變化，性質穩定；十倍濃縮之梅精中，citric acid 與malic acid之含量可高達456.02及109.42 mg/g。
以90℃迴流加熱青梅汁五個小時，其中neochlorogenic acid、cryptochlorogenic acid及HMF之變化幅度均小於以90℃濃縮五小時之青梅汁。此結果顯示出，梅精以90℃濃縮之過程中，濃縮效應應是影響成分變化幅度較鉅的主要因子。
濃縮程度介於一倍至二倍之梅汁濃縮物，其清除DPPH自由基之能力無明顯差異；然而二至十倍之濃縮物，其清除效率隨濃縮倍數顯著上升。

Ten compounds, p-coumaric acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF), benzyl β-glucopyranoside, chlorogenic acid methyl ester, chlorogenic acid ethyl ester, neochlorogenic acid ethyl ester, cryptochlorogenic acid methyl ester, and cryptochlorogenic acid ethyl ester, were isolated from the ethanol extract of the mei extract from semi-concentrated fruit juice in this study. These five chlorogenic acid derivatives from the mei extract have good efficiencies in the scavenging DPPH free radical with the IC50 values between 18.72 and 22.87 μM.
Four fruit juices made from the different mei cultivars, Da-Ching, Yen-Chih, Roan-Ji, and Ye-Sheng, showed similar HPLC profiles. It means the differences of chemical constitutions between the four cultivars are limited.
During the concentration process at 90℃, the content of neochlorogenic acid decreased, especially in 8- to 10-fold mei extracts. The content of chlorogenic acid were almost the same and the content of cryptochlorogenic acid rose gently. The content of neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid and cryptochlorogenic acid were 0.54, 0.09, and＜0.026mg/g in fresh fruit juice, and 2.36, 0.72, and 1.02mg/g in 10-fold mei extract, respectively. The total contents of these three compounds were 4.60 mg/g in 8-fold mei extract.
HMF was not detected in fresh mei fruit juice. During the 8- to 10-fold process, the content of HMF rose substantially. In 10-fold mei extract, the content of HMF was 3.47 mg/g.
Citric acid and malic acid were the most abundant organic acids in the mei fruit juice; the contents were 50.35 and 13.08 mg/g, respectively, and did not change during the 90℃ concentration process. This result showed that the chemical properties of these two compounds were very stable. The contents of citric acid and malic acid were 456.02 and 104.92 mg/g in 10-fold mei extract, respectively.
The changes of the contents of neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid and HMF in mei fruit juice during refluxing process at 90℃ were smaller than concentration process at 90℃. It means the juice concentration was the most important factor that affect the changes of these compounds during the 90℃ concentration process.
The DPPH free radical scavenging efficiencies of mei extract between 1-fold to 4-fold were not different but were obviously higher in 8-fold and 10-fold mei extract.

中文摘要……………………………………………………………….…I
英文摘要………………………………………………………………..III
目錄…………………………………………………………………...…V
圖目錄……………………………………………………………….…VII
表目錄…………………………………………………………………..IX
附圖目錄…………………………………………………………...……X
壹、前言……………………………………………………………..……1
貳、文獻整理…………………………………………………………..…2
一、梅之成分及其保健功效…………………………………………2
( 一 ) 梅子果實之成分…………..…….………………………2
( 甲 ) 一般成分……………………..………………………2
( 乙 ) 杏仁（Amygdalin）………………………………2
( 丙 ) 酚類化合物…………………..………………………4
( 丁 ) 其他成分……………………..………………………4
( 二 ) 梅之保健功效…………………...………………………7
( 甲 )中醫功效（中華本草）………………………………7
( 乙 ) 其他藥理及保健功效之研究………………………..7
二、梅精………………………………………………..…………….10
( 一 ) 梅精之介紹及製作流程……………………………….10
( 二 ) 梅汁於加熱濃縮中成分之變化………………………10
( 甲 ) 糖類變化……………………………………………10
( 乙 ) 胺基酸變化…………………………………………12
( 丙 )有機酸變化………………………………………..…12
( 丁 )杏仁之降解情形…………………………………..12
( 三 )梅精之保健功效………………………………..……16
參、材料與方法………………………………………….……...………18
一、 原料……………………………………………………………18
二、 儀器設備………………………………………………………18
三、 層析材料………………………………………………………19
四、 藥品……………………………………………………………19
五、 實驗方法………………………………………………………20
（一） 實驗設計………………………………………………20
（二） 梅精成分之分離………………………………………20
（三） 梅精成分之鑑定………………………………………22
（四） 青梅汁與梅精成分之比較……………………………23
（五） 青梅汁中所含neochlorogenic acid (mei-1)之分離純化與鑑定…………………………………….… ………26
（六） chlorogenic acid異構物之製備與鑑定………………26
（七） 青梅汁加熱濃縮過程中，成分變化之分析.…………28
（八） DPPH自由基清除能力分析………………………….34
肆、結果與討論…………………………………….…………………...38
一、 梅精及青梅汁中主要成分之分析與鑑定…………………….38
二、 不同品種青梅汁與梅精成分之比較………………………….61
三、 市售預濃縮青梅汁及其梅精與大青梅汁及其梅精主要成分之比較………………………………….…………………………64
四、 主要成分變化之分析……………….…………………………67
五、 迴流加熱過程中，青梅汁中chlorogenic acid類化合物及HMF之變化……………………………….…………………………80
六、 清除DPPH自由基能力試驗……………………………….…83
伍、結論………………………………………………………….….…89
陸、參考文獻…………………………………………………………..90
圖目錄
圖一、杏仁之結構式…………………………………………………3
圖二、由梅子果實所分離出之化合物…………………………………5
圖三、梅精製造過程中杏仁、苯甲醛、苯甲酸及氰酸之含量變化…………………………………………………………….…14
圖四、mumefural之結構……………………………………………..…17
圖五、梅精成分分離流程圖……………………………………………21
圖六、青梅汁製備流程圖………………………………………………24
圖七、以青梅汁製備梅精流程圖………………………………………25
圖八、青梅汁中neochorogenic acid之萃取流程………………………27
圖九、chlorogenic acid異構物之製備與分離…………………………29
圖十、不同濃縮程度青梅汁之製備……………………………………30
圖十一、不同濃縮程度青梅汁中主要成分之定量……………………35
圖十二、自梅精中所分離得到之化合物………………………………39
圖十三、以製備型HPLC管柱分離梅精中五種chlorogenic acid類化合物…………………………………………………………..40
圖十四、青梅汁HPLC層析圖與鑑定出之chlorogenic acid類化合物……………………………………………………………41
圖十五、以chlorogenic acid合成neochlorogenic acid與cryptochlorogenic acid後之HPLC層析圖……………….………………………………………….42
圖十六、四種不同品種青梅果汁之HPLC層析圖……………………62
圖十七、四種不同品種梅精之HPLC層析圖…………………………63
圖十八、市售預濃縮青梅汁與大青梅汁之HPLC層析圖譜…………65
圖十九、由市售預濃縮青梅汁與大青梅汁製得梅精之HPLC層析圖譜……………………………………………………………66
圖二十、不同濃縮倍數之梅精加水還原成梅汁之濃度後，以HPLC分析之層析圖譜 (330nm)…...…………………………………70
圖二十一、不同濃縮倍數之梅精稀釋還原成梅汁後，chlorogenic acid類化合物含量之變化….………………………………….71
圖二十二、不同濃縮程度之梅精中chlorogenic acid類化合物
之含量…………………………….………………………73
圖二十三、不同濃縮倍數之梅精加水還原成梅汁濃度後，以HPLC分析之層析圖譜（254nm）………………………………...75
圖二十四、不同濃縮倍數之梅精稀還原成梅汁後，HMF含量之變化…………………………………………………………76
圖二十五、不同濃縮程度之梅精中HMF之含量……………………77
圖二十六、不同濃縮倍數之梅精稀釋還原成梅汁後，citric acid及malic acid含量之變化………..…………………………………78
圖二十七、不同濃縮程度之梅精中citric acid及malic acid之含量…………………………………………………………80
圖二十八、以90℃加熱濃縮青梅汁，加熱時間與濃縮倍率
之關係……………………………………………………82
圖二十九、chlorogenic acid類化合物清除DPPH自由基速率之比較…………………………………………………………..86
表目錄
表一、梅子果肉於加工過程中，葉綠素及類胡蘿蔔素等之變化………6
表二、新鮮梅汁與梅精中游離胺基酸與糖及糖醇之含量……………11
表三、梅精中蘋果酸與檸檬酸之含量與莫耳比率…………………13
表四、青梅汁濃縮至體積比之二十分之一時苯甲酸及苯甲醛之含…15
表五、mei-1 之NMR 分析數據……　………………………………45
表六、mei-3 之NMR 分析數據………………………………………47
表七、化合物6 之NMR 分析數據……………………………………49
表八、化合物7 之NMR 分析數據……………………………………51
表九、化合物8 之NMR 分析數據……………………………………53
表十、化合物9 之NMR 分析數據……………………………………55
表十一、化合物10 之NMR 分析數據………………………………..57
表十二、化合物1 之NMR 分析數據………………………………..59
表十三、化合物2 之NMR 分析數據………………………………..59
表十四、化合物4 之NMR 分析數據………………………………..59
表十五、化合物5 之NMR 分析數據………………………………..60
表十六、chlorogenic acid類化合物、HMF、citric acid及malic acid之檢量線………………………..………………………………68
表十七、chlorogenic acid類化合物、HMF、citric acid及malic acid之同日間與異日間HPLC分析值之相對標準偏差………69
表十八、青梅汁以90℃迴流加熱五小時過程中chlorogenic acid類化合物與HMF之變化情形…………………………………81
表十九、chlorogenic acid類化合物清除DPPH自由基之能力…………………………………………………………..84
表二十、不同濃倍數之梅精清除DPPH自由基能力之比較…………………………………………………………87
附圖目錄
附圖一、1H-NMR spectrum of mei-1…………………………………96
附圖二、13C-NMR spectrum of mei-1…………………………………96
附圖三、DEPT spectrum of mei-1…………………………………97
附圖四、1H-1H COSY spectrum of mei-1…………………………97
附圖五、HMQC spectrum of mei-1…………………………………98
附圖六、HMBC spectrum of mei-1…………………………………98
附圖七、IR spectrum of mei-1………………………………………99
附圖八、MS spectrum of mei-1………………………………………99
附圖九、1H-NMR spectrum of mei-3…………………………………100
附圖十、13C-NMR spectrum of mei-3………………………………100
附圖十一、DEPT spectrum of mei-3…………………………………101
附圖十二、1H-1H COSY spectrum of mei-3…………………………101
附圖十三、HMQC spectrum of mei-3…………………………………102
附圖十四、HMBC spectrum of mei-3………………………………102
附圖十五、IR spectrum of mei-3……………………………………103
附圖十六、MS spectrum of mei-3……………………………………103
附圖十七、1H-NMR spectrum of Compound 6………………………104
附圖十八、13C-NMR spectrum of Compound 6……………………104
附圖十九、DEPT spectrum of Compound 6………………………105
附圖二十、HMQC spectrum of Compound 6…………………………105
附圖二十一、HMBC spectrum of Compound 6………………………106
附圖二十二、IR spectrum of Compound 6………………………106
附圖二十三、MS spectrum of Compound 6…………………………107
附圖二十四、1H-NMR spectrum of Compound 7……………………107
附圖二十五、13C-NMR spectrum of Compound 7…………………108
附圖二十六、DEPT spectrum of Compound 7………………………108
附圖二十七、HMQC spectrum of Compound 7………………………109
附圖二十八、HMBC spectrum of Compound 7………………………109
附圖二十九、IR spectrum of Compound 7…………………………110
附圖三十、MS spectrum of Compound 7……………………………110
附圖三十一、1H-NMR spectrum of Compound 8……………………111
附圖三十二、13C-NMR spectrum of Compound 8…………………111
附圖三十三、DEPT spectrum of Compound 8……………………112
附圖三十四、1H-1H COSY spectrum of Compound 8………………112
附圖三十五、HMQC spectrum of Compound 8……………………113
附圖三十六、HMBC spectrum of Compound 8……………………113
附圖三十七、IR spectrum of Compound 8…………………………114
附圖三十八、MS spectrum of Compound 8………………………114
附圖三十九、1H-NMR spectrum of Compound 9……………………115
附圖四十、13C-NMR spectrum of Compound 9……………………115
附圖四十一、DEPT spectrum of Compound 9……………………116
附圖四十二、HMQC spectrum of Compound 9……………………116
附圖四十三、HMBC spectrum of Compound 9……………………117
附圖四十四、IR spectrum of Compound 9…………………………117
附圖四十五、MS spectrum of Compound 9………………………118
附圖四十六、1H-NMR spectrum of Compound 10…………………118
附圖四十七、13C-NMR spectrum of Compound 10…………………119
附圖四十八、DEPT spectrum of Compound 10……………………119
附圖四十九、HMQC spectrum of Compound 10……………………120
附圖五十、HMBC spectrum of Compound 10………………………120
附圖五十一、IR spectrum of Compound 10………………………121
附圖五十二、MS spectrum of Compound 10………………………121
附圖五十三、1H-NMR spectrum of Compound 1……………………122
附圖五十四、13C-NMR spectrum of Compound 1…………………122
附圖五十五、MS spectrum of Compound 1…………………………123
附圖五十六、1H-NMR spectrum of Compound 2……………………123
附圖五十七、MS spectrum of Compound 1…………………………124
附圖五十八、1H-NMR spectrum of Compound 4……………………124
附圖五十九、13C-NMR spectrum of Compound 4…………………125
附圖六十、HMQC spectrum of Compound 4………………………125
附圖六十一、HMBC spectrum of Compound 4……………………126
附圖六十二、MS spectrum of Compound 4…………………………126
附圖六十三、1H-NMR spectrum of Compound 5……………………127
附圖六十四、13CNMR spectrum of Compound 5……………………127
附圖六十五、DEPT spectrum of Compound 5……………………128
附圖六十六、1H- 1H COSY spectrum of Compound 5………………128

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