臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

由於網路使用者數量的急速擴張以及應用程式的複雜性增加，我們需要一個能夠提供大頻寬、大容量的超高速網路。多波長分工光纖網路（Wavelength Division Multiplex-ing）將單模態光纖之中所擁有巨大的傳輸容量切割成許多平行的通道，目前已成為光纖網路的新興技術。伴隨著多媒體服務程式的出現例如分散式資料處理、廣播系統、視訊會議、以及頻寬隨選系統等等，在下一代網際網路上所用的多波長分工光纖網路必須有效率地提供全光路徑傳輸。本論文旨在探討多波長分工光纖網路上實現全光路徑傳輸協定 (Protocol) 及容錯 (Fault Tolerance) 設計的一些問題。
首先，我們提出一個同步流量控制 (Synchronous Flow Control) 機制來實現蟲洞路由 (Wormhole Routing) 的光纖網路,希望能將蟲洞路由的好處(短延遲及少量緩衝器)整合在光纖網路內。由於光纖網路是一個單向性廣播網路，無法直接利用雙向式非同步後推式 (backpressure) 流量控制，因此我們提出同步流量控制，可以利用無死結式 (Deadlock-free) 的虛擬通道 (Virtual Channel) 的方法來將控制訊息廣播出去，所以蟲洞路由的優點可以輕易的整合入光纖路由。
其次，我們提出一個兩階段式 (Two-phase) 的傳輸協定，來規劃一對一 (Unicast) 及一對多 (Multicast) 的需求，在第一階段中先利用即時 (Online) 的時槽規劃 (Time Slot Scheduling) ，所推導出的時槽矩陣 (Time Slot Matrix) ，來免去一般演算法所預設已知的需求量矩陣 (Demand Traffic Matrix) ，而在第二階段中持續找出時槽中可能閒置的波長及接收器，這樣的協定是很容易實現，並且從實驗結果中顯示，想要達到好的效能必須在傳輸特性及網路負載中作取捨。
接著，我們提出加速型預先配置協定 (Accelerative Pre-allocation WDMA) ，來克服預先配置協定 (Pre-allocation WDMA) 的缺點並保留其優點。加速型預先配置協定只利用簡單的公式而非像保留型配置法 (Reservation WDMA) ，動用大量記錄，雖然加速型預先配置協定使用一條專屬的控制波長來傳送控制封包，但是它可以利用網路管理機制來充份使用在不同延遲下的空閒時間。它更可利用我們所提的三個演算法來做波長分享，所以非常適合於波長有限的光纖網路。透過分析結果，可以發現加速型預先配置協定的效能，主要的影響因素包括了波長數目、流量型態 (Traffic Type) 、波長分享程度及波長間的不平衡負載程度。
進而，我們提出可容忍鏈結錯誤 (Link Fault) 、傳送器或接收器所產生的波長錯誤、光交換器錯誤 (Optical switch fault) 等等的光纖路由器 (Optical Crossconnect) 。它主要是在原有的光纖路由器架構上增加光纖交換器輸出輸入埠及一些波長轉換器 (Wavelength Converter) 。實際的回復程序有兩階段，第一階段先採鏈結式 (Link-based)，第二階段再採來源式(Source-based)。有了這樣的容錯光纖路由器 (Fault Tolerant Optical Crossconnect) ，在每一鏈結中正常及備用 (spare) 波長數目，便可以根據負載及系統可靠度的要求來做動態調整。
為了改良一般以路徑保護共享備用光路徑 (Path Protection With Spare Sharing) 傳統方法，我們另外提出波長重配置的備用路徑重繞路法 (Spare Rerouting with wave-length Reassignment) 來改進阻斷機率 (Blocking Probability) 之餘，還能減少所須的備用資源。經過深入的模擬結果，我們發現提波長重配置的備用路徑重繞路法，可以在動態的環境下改進阻斷機率,並能減少所須的備用重繞 (Rerouted) 路徑的數目。
最後，我們將容錯問題延伸到可以快速回復並容忍多數錯誤的環境。我們利用簡單的往回走 (Loop-back) 機制，來達到快速回復的機制，並將找出可容忍多數錯誤的問題，模型化成環形覆蓋集合 (Ring Cover Set) 的問題。因而提出三個簡單方法 (Heuristic Methods) 來找出可容忍多錯誤的有效環形集合。從結果中我們發現雖然加入少數的可波長轉換的節點 (Wavelength Convertible Node) ，可以有效的降低阻斷機率，卻無法對多重錯誤的回復性 (Restorability) 提供明顯幫助。

The increasing sophistication of a rapid expansion of network users demands for very high-speed networks, which can support high-bandwidth, large-volume services. Wave-length Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks are emerging as the major technology to di-vide the enormous information-carrying capacity of a single-mode fiber into concurrent chan-nels. Accompanied with the advent of multimedia services such as distributed data proc-essing, broadcasting systems, teleconferencing, and bandwidth-on-demand applications, WDM networks for the next generation internet need efficient protocols and dependable in-frastructures. This dissertation studies the problems related to the implementation of proto-cols for WDM broadcast-and-select networks and design of the fault tolerance on WDM wavelength-routed networks.
First, we propose a synchronous flow control mechanism in wormhole routed optical net-works. It is expected that optical networks will have the benefits of shorter routing delay and smaller buffer size requirement, as those in wormhole routing will exist in optical net-works. Different from the traditional bi-directional asynchronous backpressure flow control, the flow control is modified to be unidirectional and synchronous. The proposed flow con-trol takes advantage of the restricted order of accessing channels in deadlock-free routing to broadcast their control information in a corresponding restricted order. Furthermore, in or-der to reduce the buffer size to one, the virtual channels that share the same physical channel must be able to transmit data concurrently.
A two-phase media access protocol is presented next to provide an efficient mechanism for scheduling unicast and multicast traffic. In the first phase, the protocol uses an on-line slot scheduling algorithm to derive the heuristic slot matrices. In the second phase, the pro-tocol continuously finds the idle channels and receivers in the next slot matrix to refill it until the heuristic slot matrices in the first phase are finished. The protocol is simple to imple-ment, and the simulation results suggest that the protocol with proper tradeoff considerations between session characteristics (length, size, and multicast ratio) and network loads would result in better performance.
A new media access control (MAC) protocol, AP-WDMA (accelerative pre-allocation), is proposed to overcome the disadvantages of P-WDMA (Pre-allocation) and retain its advan-tages. AP-WDMA relieves the technology constraints by restricting the wavelength tunabil-ity at only one end of communication link, removes the channel and station status tables re-quired by R-WDMA (Reservation), and uses simple arithmetics instead of a pre-allocation map to allocate channels. In addition, it is well suitable for wavelength-limited networks. Three heuristic methods for channel sharing: Interleaved (I), Neighborhood (N), and Weighted-Balanced (WBH), are evaluated. We also evaluate the impact on the performance of AP-WDMA from the number of channels, the four traffic types (mesh, disconnected, ring, and uniform), the degree of channel sharing, and the unbalanced load among channels.
Then we propose a fault tolerant optical crossconnect (OXC) which can tolerate link, channel, and internal optical switch failures via spare optical channels, extra input/output (I/O) ports for an optical switch, and associated wavelength converters. The restoration process has two phases, one is link-based and the other source-based. For link-based restoration, if a physical link/channel or optical switch fails, the fault tolerant OXC (FTOXC) restores the lightpaths, which pass through the failed link/channel or the optical switch, simply by redi-recting these lightpaths to the spare channels to continue their transmissions. As for source-based restoration, the source node finds the routing paths when a link-based restoration path can not be found. Thus, the proposed restoration scheme is based on a unified restoration process and a fault tolerant wavelength routing algorithm (FTWRA). The FTOXC and FTWRA can be applied to any all-optical network and can recover many types of failures. To find a global optimal setting of working and spare channels, the problem is formulated as an integer linear program (ILP). The number of working and spare channels in each link can be dynamically adjusted according to the traffic loads and the system reliability require-ments. The tradeoff between these two conflicting objectives is analyzed by the Markov decision process (MDP).
We also present techniques to construct dependable all-optical WDM networks. Path protection using shared spare lightpaths is a general wavelength routing method to improving the blocking probability while minimizing the required spare resources. However, in a dy-namic traffic environment, this method may still lead to poor performance because it is highly likely that a wavelength on a link is continuously held by a spare lightpath and can not be assigned to the working lightpath of a new connection. Therefore, the new connection is blocked. This paper presents a spare rerouting with wavelength reassignment (SR_WR) mechanism to reduce the blocking probability. Spare rerouting (SR) rearranges spare light-paths of existing connections to accommodate a new connection without any disruption on the working lightpaths of existing connections. SR_WR has two phases. Phase I uses an occupancy function q with or without the conflict table Tc to obtain a working-spare lightpath pair with minimum cost. Tc maintains the relationship between every pair of wavelength and link. Whether to use Tc or not depends on the complexity and performance require-ments. Phase II uses a tuning function g to get a least cost lightpath pair with minimum weighted number of rerouted spare lightpaths. SR can further be classified as SR_A (reroute to available lightpaths, including both free and shared spares) which uses Tc, and SR_V (re-route to free lightpaths only) which dose not use Tc. Extensive simulation experiments were conducted to study the performance of the proposed SR_WR method.
Finally, we address the problem of achieving fast restoration and tolerating as many faults as possible in wavelength-routed wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks with and without wavelength conversion. The basic idea is a simple loop-back mechanism im-plemented directly in the optical layer to ensure fast restoration with little coordination over-head. The problem of finding maximum number of faults that can be tolerated is modeled as a constrained ring cover set problem, which is a decomposition problem with exponential complexity. Three heuristic methods, each can tolerate one or more faults, are proposed. A marked-link (ML) method is also proposed to enhance the performance by making some links, which are originally used for protection, be used for normal transmission. The fault man-agement overhead is insignificant in networks without wavelength conversion because the loop-back mechanism does not need to take care of wavelength conversion. In contrast, a two-phase control must be used to manage the restoration process in networks with sparse wavelength conversion, which have few wavelength convertible nodes. From the analytical results for networks without wavelength conversion, we know that the maximum number of faults tolerated is dependent on the network topology. Apart from the conclusions of previ-ous studies on wavelength conversion that only a small number of wavelength convertible nodes are enough in a network, we found that the number of wavelength convertible nodes plays an important role in the tradeoff between the blocking probability, the restorability, and the two-phase control overhead.

COVER
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
ABSTRACT
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OPTICAL NETWORKS AND WDM
1.2 RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS
1.3 DISSERTATION OUTLINE
2 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PROTOCOLS FOR WDM STAR-COUPLED NETWORKS
2.1 SYNCHRONOUS FLOW CONTROL IN WORMHOLE ROUT-ED OPTICAL NETWORKS
2.2 A TWO-PHASE MAC PROTOCOL FOR UNICAST AND MULTICAST TRAFFIC IN SINGLE-HO WDM LANS
2.3 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATIVE PRE-ALLOCATION PROTOCOL FOR WDM STAR COUPLED NETWORKS
3 FAULT TOLERANT CROSSCONNECTS AND WAVELENGTH ROUTING IN ALL-OPTICAL NET WORKS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 ARCHITECTURE AND FAULT MODEL
3.3 FAILURE RESTORATION
3.4 FAULT TOLERANT WAVELENGTH ROUTING ALGO-RITHM
3.5 GLOBAL AND LOCAL OPTIMIZATION
3.6 DISCUSSIONS
3.7 CONCLUSIONS
4 SPARE REROUTING WITH WAVELENGTH REAS-SIGNMENT FOR DEPENDABLE ALL-OPTICAL WDM NETWORKS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 WAVELENGTH ROUTING WITH SPARE LIGHTPATHS
4.3 SPARE REROUTING WITH WAVELENGTH REAS-SIGNMENT
4.4 PERFORMANCE STUDY
4.5 CONCLUSIONS
5 RESTORATION FROM MULTIPLE FAULTS FOR WDM NETWROKS WITH AND WITHOUT WAVE LENGTH CONVERSION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 PRELIMINARIES
5.3 HEURISTIC METHODS
5.4 MULTIPLE-FAULT RESTORATION
5.5 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
5.6 CONCLUSIONS
6 CONCLUDING REMARKS
6.1 CONTRIBUTIONS
6.2 FUTURE WORKS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PUBLICATION LIST

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