臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

東歐各國於1989年間紛紛產生重大改變,在政治上放棄共黨一黨專政,在經濟上採行市場經濟,在外交上不再跟從蘇聯領導。這一連串的改變令人目不暇給，其對全球政治經濟的影響無疑是深遠的。對東歐諸國而言，如何維持政治穩定，促進經濟繁榮，為當前政府領導人所面臨最迫切的問題。由一個以計劃為主、封閉的經濟體制，在極短暫時期內轉變成自由市場經運行經濟體制，史無前例。雖然全球資本主義各式各樣，提供了很好的參考模式，但是制度變遷是不可以依照一個藍圖發展，不無疑問。本文擬就新制度論提出的研究途徑，探討東歐社會市場經濟變遷的過程中政策與制度變遷問題。
對於後共產東歐社會，不論政治或經濟制度變遷過程，不同領域的學者從不同的角色提出不同詮釋。尤其是關於經濟轉型的文獻大量出現，討論的焦點著重於經濟面的私有化與自由化步驟，多偏向於技術面的探討。亦即參照現行西方經濟運行制度，建議東歐國家該如何變革以達到產權私有為主，價格開放，金融、外貿等自由化。在這些論述中較少論及政治制度對經濟政策的影響，甚至歷史、社會因素對於政策推行的影響亦被忽略。多數經濟學家認為只要依照其提供的食譜（cookbook）便能夠迅速轉換為資本主義社會。這樣的推論或許過於樂觀，不過東歐各國急切希望加入歐洲聯盟，預期經濟上的合作能帶來經濟成長。　
　目標是一致的，但是波蘭和匈牙利卻採行兩種不相同的經濟策略，波蘭在改革上以下猛藥的方式徹底開放，相對於匈牙利的溫和漸進方式。為何這兩國面臨相同的困境卻選擇不同的道路？實行不同的政策？若以歷史制度主義觀點進行分析，同時必須面對制度變遷的問題，而這是歷史制度主義學者研究對象上所忽略的。因此在分析波蘭與匈牙利的問題時，先從政治制度轉變，及如何型塑經濟政策，而政策結果又如何造成經濟制度的演變，制度變遷是否是理性設計的產物？其中的變項間之連結，希望藉由新制度分析的模式做一探討。

Since 1989, eastern European countries had dramatic change. Suddenly the trade system had fallen apart for ex-Soviet Union no longer wanted to keep theleading role in communist world. The planned economy also influenced by the bad economic conditions. Most of the eastern European countries changed their poli-tical and economic institutions in order to overcome the problem which they were facing. Poland and Hungary reformed their economic system and anticipated to join European Union, which could bring them economic growth. Poland took a pro-gressive way, shock therapy, to reform, but Hungary took a gradual method.The differences came from their different historical background of reform and most important reason was the leaders' power and decisions. Both countriesprivatization, the very important part of marketization was delay for the institution reason. According to the new insnew institutionalist studies, institutions could not be changed quickly, it needs tume and has the path dependence character. From this point of view, it is not hard to realize whythe privatizations or institutions change could not be designed by limited rationality. Poland and Hungary's privatization after 1989 was a good example.-1 -aPost-communist social and economic transition-Poland and Hungary,1989-1995