臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

Organic fertilizers are necessary to sustain soils ability to crop production and to help reduce environmental pollution especially due to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) leaching. But heavy application of these in excess of crop needs can buildup N and P levels in soil affecting soil and water quality. Composted manure is known as an environmentally safer organic fertilizer but leaching and crop recovery from composted manure applied soils is less well understood and this knowledge could help managing compost application in high rainfall areas. A green-house experiment conducted at the National Taiwan University, Taipei from April 2006 to June 2008 evaluated the effects of compost and urea combinations on dry matter yields (DMY), apparent crop recovery of N and P, residual effects on soil and changes in soil quality. Treatments consisted of urea (F250), compost (M250), and combination of these two (F125M125) –all supplied 250 kg N ha-1 while two others (M500 and F250M250) doubled the N supply and an untreated Control (Ctrl) for comparison. M125, M250 and M500 corresponded to 8, 16 and 32 Mg ha-1 of composted manure application, respectively.
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) crops were grown in standard Wagner pots in annual rotation using 12.9 kg (dry weight basis) of acid sandy clay loam soil. Soils were leached fortnightly applying 80 and 60 mm of water to cabbage and corn corresponding to 2000 and 1500 mm average annual rainfall, respectively. Leaching of mineral N (MNL) and inorganic water soluble P (WSP) were monitored in leachate water samples during growing seasons for a total of 28 times in 2-y. Although composted manure application was not repeated, blanket of NPK fertilizers were applied to all treatments except the Ctrl from crop2 to crop4 seasons from mineral sources in order to help maintain normal growth of the test crops.
With some variations among treatments, increasing rate of N application from 0 to 500 kg ha-1 mostly increased DMY of cabbage and corn. A tendency of high compost (M500) favoring cabbage DMY, and corn DMY indifferent of urea/compost combination was apparent in both years probably due to the effects of crop-rotation and physiological differences between crops. Demerit of high MNL outweighed the merit of high crop N recovery in urea treatment (F250). Apparent crop N recoveries were higher in urea and compost combined treatments in 4 of 4 crops. But there were outstanding results from higher compost additions such as the large reductions in MNL due to reduced volume of leachate outflows, greater utilization of water for higher crop growth, as well as higher N and P retention and addition of organic carbon in soil. An annual application or higher compost rate appears useful to increase soil pH and nutrient availability. Although inorganic WSP leaching was not high, the results suggested the need to evaluate other forms of P leaching such as total P and algal P from this compost applied soil.
The assumptions of 50% N mineralization and 30% P release rates in this compost could not be substantiated. The results implied that nutrient management goal in agriculture would be more realistic if N and P credits in this compost are considered to be approximately 25% and 15%, respectively for the 1st-y of application. Over assumption partly explained why crop DMY were relatively low in this study compared with other pot studies that did not involve leaching operations. Use of soil management assessment tool for deriving soil quality index (SQI) did not show statistical differences among compost and urea treatments. However, the tool was found useful because SQI correlated with DMY in 4 of 4 crops. Taken soil, leachate, and crop parameters together, evidences show that an application of 32 Mg ha-1 of compost outperformed all other treatments although combined application of compost (16 Mg ha-1) with urea (250 kg ha-1) was the best candidate for apparent crop recovery of N and P and MNL. The results of this pot study were found consistent and encouraging; however a field-scale study would be helpful to validate these conclusions.

Abstract I
Topic Outline III
Figures V
Tables VII
Appendix IX
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Aims and objectives of the study 4
1.2 Theoretical framework 4
1.3 Assumptions and limitations of the study 9
2 Review of Literature 10
2.1 Regional experience from manure/compost study and crop yields 10
2.2 Effect of compost or organic residues on environmental quality 12
2.3 Effect of manure on N and P leaching and crop yields 15
2.4 Nitrogen and phosphorus losses from manure-applied pastoral soils 16
2.5 Leaching of N and P under manure and irrigation-lysimeter studies 17
2.6 Nitrogen and phosphorus availability in fertilizer-applied soils 18
2.7 Nitrogen and phosphorus concentration related regulations 23
3 Materials and Methods 25
3.1 Characteristics of the study area, and soil samples preparation 25
3.2 Experimental design and treatments 28
3.3 Justification for choosing the Taoyuan area for soil sampling and uses of urea and compost in this study 31
3.4 Growing season temperatures, key research dates and flow diagram 31
3.5 Calculations of compost and water quantities 34
3.6 Monitoring of leachate outflow and analysis of N and P leaching 35
3.7 Plant and soil chemical analysis 37
3.8 Data analysis 38
3.9 Nitrogen and phosphorus recovery calculations 39
3.10 Applying indictor scoring method to analyze soil quality 40

4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Treatment effects on dry matter yields 46
4.2 Crop and N rate effects on dry matter yields 50
4.3 Treatment effects on seasonal leachate outflow 52
4.4 Crop and N rate effects on seasonal leachate outflow 54
4.5 Relationships between leachate outflow and mineral N leaching 56
4.6 Relationships between N input and N uptake by crop 58
4.7 Seasonal nitrogen recovery based on amounts added to the soil 61
4.8 Two-year nitrogen recovery based on total nitrogen (initial plus added) in the soil 65
4.9 Crop and N rate effects on N uptake and mineral N leaching 67
4.10 Seasonal phosphorus recovery based on amounts added to the soil 69
4.11 Two-year phosphorus recovery based on amounts added to the soil 73
4.12 Treatment effects on the quality of leachate outflow 75
4.12.1 Flow-weighted mean of mineral N leaching concentrations 75
4.12.2 Flow-weighted mean of inorganic WSP leaching concentrations 78
4.12.3 Fluctuations in pH and EC 81
4.13 Annual measurements of pH, EC, N and P of soil after crop harvest 85
4.13.1 Annual measurements of soil pH and EC 85
4.13.2 Annual measurements of total N, mineral N and nitrate N 88
4.13.3 Annual measurements of total P and Bray-1 P 91
4.13.4 Bray-1 P in relation to crop uptake of P and inorganic WSP leaching 93
4.14 Pearson’s correlation coefficients for soil, water and crop variables 95
4.15 Assessment of soil quality 98
4.15.1 Observed indicator values 98
4.15.2 Predicted soil quality index 98
4.15.3 The relationships between soil quality index and dry matter yields 101
5 Conclusions 103
6 References 104
7 Appendix 118

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