臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來，養雞產業面臨了許多環境問題，其中一個最主要的問題是大量的廢棄物的累積，特別是由集約化生產所產生的大量禽畜糞及墊料廢棄物，這會造成廢棄物處理及及環境汙染的問題，除非改以經濟且對環境友善的方式經營，不然這樣的問題會一直存在，因此對於養雞產業迫切需要的是一個能永續將這些廢棄物回收再利用的方法(Power and Dick, 2000; Kelleher et al., 2002; Sharpley et al., 2007)。在這些禽畜糞中包含了13種植物可利用的必要元素，包括:氮(N)、磷(P)、鉀(K)、鈣(Ca)、鎂(Mg)、硫(S)、錳(Mn)、銅(Cu)、鋅(Zn)、氯(Cl)、硼(B)、鐵(Fe)和鉬(Mo)；但元素的提供量要視禽畜糞中各元素的含量及禽畜糞的施用量而定。在植物的組成元素中磷是僅次於氮的中要元素且溶磷菌(phosphate solubilizing microorganisms) (PSMs) 的作用在於土壤中磷元素的循環及土壤中不同磷型態的轉換作用中扮演著極為重要的角色。
此次試驗是有關於溶磷菌在蛋雞糞ECM1(沒加溶磷菌)及ECM2(有加溶磷菌)和肉雞糞BCM1(沒加溶磷菌)及BCM2(有加溶磷菌)在溫室內經過14天的堆肥化且濕度控制在55％~60％的過程中之影響，並在第0、3、5、7及14天採樣，針對在溫室種植狀況下各堆肥處裡對於種子的發芽及植株生長的影響。結果發現在第11天所採的堆肥樣品能讓種子發芽率超過80％，在第14天所採的堆肥樣品能讓種子隻發芽率超過85％; 而在溶磷菌生長狀況方面發現在堆肥溫度降至45℃時才有溶磷菌的生長，且在ECM1及ECM2兩個處理狀況下溶磷菌的生長量較BCM1及BCM2兩個處理狀況下要多。並在取第0、7及14天所採的堆肥樣品與無施肥(control 1)及有施肥(control 2)進行作物栽培試驗，試驗作物為莧菜 (Amaranthus mangostanus L.)，並發現植株在使用兩個雞糞堆肥的12個處理(蛋雞: E1.0、E2.0、E1.7、 E2.7、 E1.14及 E2.14;肉雞: B1.0、B2.0、 B1.7、B2.7、B1.14及 B2.14)的生長狀況要比沒加肥料及有加肥料的12個處理生長的要好，且施用肉雞糞堆肥的處理的生長狀況還要比施用蛋雞糞堆肥的處理生長的要好。
結果顯示，溶磷菌在蛋雞糞堆肥中生長要比肉雞糞堆肥中要好，但肉雞糞堆肥中的養分含量要比蛋雞糞堆肥要多;此外，溫度會影響到溶磷菌的族群密度。

The poultry industry is currently facing a number of environmental problems. One of the major problems is the accumulation of large amount of wastes, especially manure and litter, generated by intensive production voided by a layer as Large-scale accumulation of these wastes may pose disposal and pollution problems unless environmentally and economically. Sustainable management technologies are imperative for recycling these wastes (Power and Dick, 2000; Kelleher et al., 2002; Sharpley et al., 2007). Poultry manure contains all 13 of the essential plant nutrients that are used by plants. These include nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chlorine (Cl), boron (B), iron (Fe) , and molybdenum (Mo). The amount of nutrients provided depends on the nutrient content of the manure and the amount of manure applied. Phosphorus is the most important key element in the nutrition of plants, next to nitrogen (N) and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) are an integral component of the soil P cycle and are important for the transfer of P between different pools of soil P (Khan et al. 2010).
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effect of PSMs on composting egg chicken manures ECM1 (no PSMs) and ECM2 (add PSMs) and broiler chicken manures BCM1 (no PSMs) and BCM2 (add PSMs) during 14 days of composting process by control moisture at 55% - 60%. The compost sample at 0, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 14 days of composting were used to study their effects on seed germination and plant growth under greenhouse conditions. The results showed more than 80% of seed germination rate using compost extracts form the samples collected at 11 days of composting and more than 85% for those collected at 14 days of composting. PSMs showed survivability colony forming unit (CFU) after the temperature decrease to 45 °C temperature. ECM1 and ECM2 showed PSMs survivability CFU greater than BCM1 and BCM2. The compost samples collected at 0, 7 and 14 days of composting were used grow amaranth plants (Amaranthus mangostanus L.) and compare control1 (no fertilizer) and control2 (fertilizer). Plant grown in soil applied with twelve treatment (E1.0, E2.0, E1.7, E2.7, E1.14 and E2.14 of egg chicken manure composts and B1.0, B2.0, B1.7, B2.7, B1.14 and B2.14 of broiler chicken manure composts) showed better growth than two controls while plants supplied with broiler chicken manure composts showed better growth then those with egg chicken manure composts.
In conclusion, phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) survive in egg chicken manure composts better than in broiler chicken manure composts. Broiler chicken manures contain nutrients than egg chicken manures. Moreover, the temperature affects population density of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs).

Keywords: Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms, chicken manure compost, seed germination, Amaranthus mangostanus L., nutrient uptake, plant growth promoting phosphate solubilizing microorganisms.

CONTENT
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………………............... i
ABSTRACT (CHINESE)……………………………………………………………… ii
ABSTRACT (ENGLISH)……………………………………………………………... iii
CONTENT……………………………………………………………………............... v
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………............... vii
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………............. viii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………. 1
Objectives listed below considered in the current studies…………………………….. 3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………….. 4
2.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………. 5
2.2. Animal and poultry manures……………………………………………………... 7
2.3 Decomposition of manure………………………………………………………… 9
2.3.1. Availability of air……………………………………………………………... 10
2.3.2. Moisture level………………………………………………………………… 11
2.3.3. Particle size…………………………………………………………………… 12
2.3.4. Temperature…………………………………………………………………... 12
2.3.5. pH…………………………………………………………………………….. 13
2.4. Phosphate solubilizing Microorganisms (PSMs) in soil…………………………. 14
2.4.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………... 14
2.4.2. Constraints in using phosphate fertilizers……………………………………. 15
2.4.3. Occurrence and isolation of PSMs…………………………………………… 17
CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………. 19
3.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………. 19
The process of studies the effectiveness of Phosphate solubilizing Microorganisms (PSMs) its impact on composts and application to plants……………………………….
20
3.2. Poultry manures…………………………………………………………………... 21
3.3. Phosphate solubilizing Microorganisms (PSMs)………………………………… 21
3.4. Experiment under laboratory……………………………………………………... 23
3.4.1. Composting…………………………………………………………………... 23
3.4.2. Seed germination……………………………………………………………... 24
3.4.3. Treatment composts analysis and soil analysis for pH and EC………………. 25
3.4.4. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)…………………………………………… 25
3.4.5. Measurement of N……………………………………………………………. 25
3.5. Pot experiment under greenhouse condition…………………………………… 35
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS……………………………………………………………….. 29
4.1. Laboratory experiment and Composts analysis………………………………...… 30
4.1.1. Temperature…………………………………………………………………... 30
4.1.2. Moisture of composting………………………………………………………. 32
4.1.3. Soil pH………………………………………………………………………... 33
4.1.4. Electrical conductivity (EC)………………………………………………….. 34
4.1.5. Effect of compost treatment on the seed germination rate of Chaimese cabbage…………………………………………………………………………………..
35
4.1.6. Effect of PSMs on the quality composts…………………...………………… 36
4.1.7. Effect of nutrient analysis of compost treatments…………………………. 37
4.2. Pot experiment under greenhouse condition……………………………………... 39
4.2.1 Plant analysis………………………………………………………………….. 39
4.2.2 Soil analysis…………………………………………………………………… 45
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION……………………………………………………….. 48
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………….. 50
CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES……………………………………………………….. 52

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