臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

英國工黨於1979年至1997年之中歷經三次選舉的挫敗，在這段期間黨內外左派人士除了檢視英國國內政治、經濟、社會、與文化等所面臨的危機與問題，同時也檢討工黨本身思想理論、組織結構，抑或政策實踐等方面的議題，諸如工人運動停滯不前、傳統工人階級與工會人數逐年下降，與工黨形象過於老舊等，這些所關注的焦點實為左派理論以及社會主義應如何發展與前進的問題。
本論文主要藉由霍爾的觀點與討論，探討1970-1980年代英國左派理論的發展。霍爾從馬克思主義理論與馬克思主義學者諸如葛蘭西、阿圖塞、拉克勞與莫非等思想做為理論基礎，並且結合自身關於文化研究方面的研究成果，進行對於左派理論與實踐的分析與重構。霍爾認為傳統馬克思主義理論過於強調經濟層面與階級力量，而隨著時代與局勢的變遷，經濟層面不再是最具重要的部分，政治、社會、文化與意識型態等方面也同等重要；階級也不再做為革命的主體，人民與社會大眾在左派運動中也在革命中佔據重要角色。
因此，霍爾得出新的左派理論思想，以及新的社會主義發展方向，最主要的是提出「沒有保證的馬克思主義」的理論思想。也就是說，馬克思主義已經無法保證工人階級必然革命，或是歷史有其必然的發展與未來。左派理論的未來發展有賴多元、民主方面努力與新的社會運動領域實踐。霍爾的理論思想也促使左派更加瞭解時代變遷與需要朝向何種方向革新與實踐，同時也提供工黨進行自我改造與更新時的理論基礎。

In the period of 1979 to 1997, the British Labour Party had lost three general elections consecutively. In this period, the British Left not only attempted to examine the socio-political, economic, and cultural crises in Britain, but also investigated the theory, organization structure, and policies of the Labor Party. Due to the swindling support for labour movement, a decrease of members in the trade unions and an outdated image of the Party, all these became the challenges to the British Left who had to face up in their developments of theories.
This paper is aimed to examine the developments of British Left’s theories in the period of 1970s-1980s, from the perspective of Stuart Hall (1932-). Hall elaborates and reconstructs the Left’s theory and practice, on a basis of Marx’s and Marxists’ theories, such as those of Gramsci, Althusser, Laclau and Mouffe, which are then integrated with his own writings in cultural studies. In Hall’s view, the orthodox Marxism with its lop-sided emphasis on economic factor and class struggle has lost its touch with reality. This is because economy has no longer been “the” factor that determines the development of society and history; instead one has to take into account a wide range of factors that involved politics, society, culture and ideology. Neither can class now play any key role in causing any revolution. People, in a broad sense, should be put into consideration instead.
It is based on a more comprehensive base that Hall develops his Leftist thought, giving an impetus to a new direction for socialism by his offer of “Marxism without Guarantees”, that is to say, Marxism would neither guarantee a revolution for the working class, nor any direction for its development, nor for its history a predetermined future. The prospects of the Left theories lie in their efforts to commit itself to pluralism and democracy and to the practices in a widely expanded domain of social movements. Hall‘s theory not only enhances in the Left awareness of social change and of a new direction for innovation and practice, it also provides Labour Party with a theoretical basis for its transformation.

第一章 前言 1
第一節 研究動機與範圍 1
第二節 文獻分析與研究方法 5
第三節 章節架構與安排 9
第二章 左派理論的背景 11
第一節 1970年代全球性危機 11
第二節 左派對於工黨的質疑 19
第三節 左派對於工會與工人運動的質疑 25
第四節 左派對於馬克思主義理論的質疑 30
第三章 左派理論的分析 41
第一節 霍爾的理論背景 41
第二節 霍爾的理論分析 51
第三節 霍爾的時代解讀 65
第四節 霍爾的政治策略 82
第四章 「新」社會主義―沒有保證的馬克思主義？ 87
第一節 新時代與新政治 87
第二節 沒有保證的馬克思主義/思想 95
第三節 1980年代工黨與左派理論的發展 100
第四節 「新」社會主義的評價與意見 110
第五章 結論 123
參考書目 126
附錄 137

一、西文專書

(一、)關於霍爾的著作：

1.Hall, Stuart, “Re-Thinking the Base and Superstructure Metaphor”, in Bloomfield, Jon (ed.), Class, Hegemony and Party (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1977), pp. 43-72.
2.Hall, Stuart, “The ‘Political’ and the ‘Economic’ in Marx’s Theory”, in Hall, Stuart (eds.), Class, Hegemony and Party (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1977), pp. 15-60.
3.Hall, Stuart (eds.), Class, Hegemony and Party (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1977).
4.Hall, Stuart, “Introduction to the Verso Classics Edition”, in Poulantzas, Nicos, Camiller, Patrick (tr.), State, Power, Socialism (London: NLB; Verso, 1978), pp. vii-xviii.
5.Hall, Stuart, “The Rediscovery of ‘Ideology’: Return of the Repressed in Media Studies”, in Michael Gurevitch (ed.), Culture, Society, and the Media (London; New York: Methuen, 1982), pp. 56-90.
6.Hall, Stuart, The Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and The Crisis of the Left (London; New York: Verso, 1988).
7.Hall, Stuart, “The Toad in the Garden: Thatcherism among the Theorists”, “Discussion”, in Nelson, Cary, Lawrence Grossberg, Marxism and the interpretation of culture (Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1988).
8.Hall, Stuart, “Preface”, in Hall, Stuart (ed. ), Culture, Media, Language : Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79 (New York: Routledge in association with the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, University of Birmingham, 1992), pp. 7-11.
9.Hall, Stuart, “Encoding/decouding”, in Hall, Stuart (ed.), Culture, Media, Language : Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79 (New York: Routledge in association with the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, University of Birmingham, 1992), pp. 128-138.
10.Hall, Stuart Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79 (London; New York: Routledge in association with the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, University of Birmingham, 1992).
11.Hall, Stuart and Jacques, Martin, New times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990s (London; New York: Verso, 1990).

(二、)霍爾所著的期刊：

12.Hall, Stuart, “The Great Moving Right Show”, Marxism Today (Jan. 1979), pp.14-20.
13.Hall, Stuart, “The Culture Gap”, Marxism Today (Jan., 1984), pp.18-22.
14.Hall, Stuart, “The State: Socialism’s Old Caretaker”, Marxism Today (Nov. 1984), pp. 24-29.
15.Hall, Stuart, “Realignment for What? ”, Marxism Today (Dec. 1985), pp. 12-17.
16.Hall, Stuart, “People Aid”, Marxism Today (July, 1986), pp. 10-14.
17.Hall, Stuart, “No Loght at the End of the Tunnel”, Marxism Today (Dec. 1986), pp. 12-16.
18.Hall, Stuart, ”Gramsci and Us”, Marxism Today (June, 1987), pp. 16-21.
19.Hall, Stuart, “Blue Election, Election Blues ”, Marxism Today (July, 1987), pp. 30-35.
20.Hall, Stuart, “Authoritarian Populism: A Reply to Jessop et al ”, New Left Review (May-June, 1985), pp. 115-124.
21.Hall, Stuart, Pearson, Gabriel, Samuel,Ralph, Taylor, Charles, “Editorial: ULR to New Left Review Universities & Left Review” Universities & Left Review, 1:7(Autumn, 1959), pp. 1-2.

(三、)西文書目

22.Anderson, Perry, English Questions (London: Verso, 1992).
23.Anderson, Perry, Considerations on Western Marxism (London: Verso, 1976).
24.Blackledge, Paul, Perry Anderson, Marxism and the New Left (London: Merlin Press, 2004).
25.Bastow, Steve and Martin, James, Third way Discourse: European Ideologies in the Twentieth Century (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2003).
26.Blair, Tony, New Britain: My Vision of a Young Country (Westview Press,1996).
27.Callaghan, John, Fielding, Steven, Ludlam, Steve (ed.), Interpreting the Labour Party: Approaches to Labour Politics and History (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003).
28.Coates, David, Models of Capitalism: Debating Strengths and Weaknesses (Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Pub., 2002).
29.Chun, Lin, The British New Left (Cambridge: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 1993).
30.Davis, Helen, Understanding Stuart Hall (London; Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, 2004).
31.Driver, Stephen and Martell., Luke, New Labour: Politics After Thatcherism (Cambridge, UK; Malden, Mass.: Polity Press, 1998).
32.Dennis, Dworkin, Cultural Marxism in Postwar Britain: History, the New Left, and the Origins of Cultural Studies (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997).
33.Driver, Stephen, and Martell, Luke, New Labour: Politics after Thatcherism(Cambridge, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Polity Press, 1998).
34.Elliott, Gregory, Perry Anderson: The Merciless Laboratory of History (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998).
35.Ellwood, Wayne, The No-Nonsense Guide to Globalization (Oxford [England]: New Internationalist Publications in association with Verso, 2001).
36.Fielding, Steven, The Labour Party: Continuity and Change in the Making of 'New' Labour (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
37.Foote, Geoffrey, The Labour Party's Political Thought: A History (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997).
38.Favretto, Ilaria, The Long Search For a Third Way: The British Labour Party and the Italian Left since 1945 (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
39.Gamble, Andrew, Britain in Decline: Economic Policy, Political Strategy and the British State (London: Macmillan Education Ltd., 1990).
40.Gamble, Andrew, The Free Economy and The Strong State: The Politics of Thatcherism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1988).
41.Gilroy, Paul (ed.), Without Guarantees : in Honour of Stuart Hall (New York: Verso, 2000).
42.Giddens, Anthony, The Third Way: the Renewal of Social Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998).
43.Giddens, Anthony, The Third Way and Its Critics (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press Malden, 2000).
44.Giddens, Anthony, The Global Third Way Debate (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2001).
45.Harvey J., Kaye, The British Marxist Historians: an Introductory Analysis (New York: Polity Press, 1984).
46.Haggart, Richard, The Uses of Literacy: Aspects of Working Class Llife: with Special Reference to Publications and Entertainments (Boston: Beacon Press, 1961).
47.Heffer, Eric S., Labour's Future: Socialist or SDP Mark 2? (London: Verso, 1986).
48.Hobsbawm, Eric, Politics for a Rational left: Political Writing, 1977-88 (London; New York: Verso in association with Marxism Today, 1989).
49.Heffernan, Richard, New Labour and Thatcherism: Political Change in Britain (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000).
50.J. Smith, Martin and Spear, Joanna, The Changing Labour Party (London; New York: Routledge, 1992)
51.Jones, Tudor , Remaking the Labour Party: From Gaitskell to Blair (London; New York: Routledge, 1996).
52.Lee, Stephen J., Aspects of British political history, 1914-1995 (London; New York: Routledge, 1996).
53.Lamont, William, Historical Controversies and Historians (New York: Routledge, 1998).
54.Luk�駢s, George, History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics (London: Merlin Press, 1971).
55.Laclau, Ernesto, Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory (London: NLB, 1977).
56.Lee, Stephen, J., Aspects of British Political History 1914-1995 (London; New York : Routledge, 1996)
57.Marcuse, Herbert, One-Dimensional Man - Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964).
58.Meiksins Wood, Ellen, The Retreat from Class: A New "True" Socialism (London: Verso, 1986).
59.Morley, David and Kuan-Hsing Chen, Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies (London; New York: Routledge, 1996).
60.Michie, Jonathan, The Economic legacy, 1979-1992 (London: Academic Press, 1992).
61.Miliband, Ralph, The State in Capitalist Society (New York: Basic Books, 1969).
62.Miliband, Ralph , Marxism and Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977).
63.Miliband, Ralph, Parliamentary Socialism: A Study in the Politics of Labour (London: Merlin Press, 1979).
64.New Left Review (ed.), Western Marxism: a Critical Reader (London: Verso, c1978).
65.Newman, Michael, Ralph Miliband and the Politics of the New Left (London: Merlin ; [U.S.A.] : Monthly Review, 2002).
66.Otto, Newman, and Richard de Zoysa, The Promise of the Third Way: Globalization and Social Justice (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, 2001)
67.Oxford University Socialist Discussion Group (ed.), Out of Apathy: Voices of the New Left Thirty Years on (New York: Verso, 1989).
68.Procter, James, Stuart Hall (New York: Taylor & Francis, 2007).
69.Pelling, Henry and J. Reid, Alastair, A Short History of the Labour Party (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 1996).
70.Poulantzas, Nicos, Camiller, Patrick (tr.), State, Power, Socialism (London: NLB ; Verso, 1978).
71.Reynolds, David, Britannia Overruled: British Policy and World Power in the Twentieth Century (London; New York: Longman, 1991).
72.Sassoon, Donald, One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century (New York: New Press, 1996).
73.Shaw, Eric, The Labour Party since 1979: Crisis and Transformation (London; New York: Routledge, 1994).
74.Seyd, Patrick, The Rise and Fall of the Labour Left (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Education, 1987).
75.Seyd, Patrick, and Whiteley, Paul, New Labour's Grassroots: The Transformation of the Labour Party Membership (Basingstoke, Hampshire [England]; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002).
76.Thorpe, Andrew, A History of the British Labour Party (New York; Hanpshire; St. Martin's Press., Macmillan, 1996).
77.Thompson, E.P., The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Pantheon Books, 1964).
78.Thompson, Noel, Political Economy and the Labour Party: the Economics of Democratic Socialism, 1884-2005 (London; New York, NY: Routledge, 2006).
79.Thane, Pat, Tanner, Duncan, Tiratsoo, Nick (ed.), Labour's First Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
80.Williams, Raymond, Culture and Society: Coleridge to Orwell (London: Hogarth, 1990).
81.Williams, Raymond, Politics and Letters: Interviews with New Left Review (London: Verso, 1981).
82.Williams, Raymond, Culture and Society: Coleridge to Orwell (London: Hogarth, 1990).
83.Wilson, Edgar, A Very British Miracle: The Failure of Thatcherism (London; Concord, Mass.: Pluto Press, 1992).
(四、)西文期刊：
84.Anderson, Perry, “Origins of the Present Crisis” New Left Review, 1:23(January-February, 1964), pp. 26-53.
85.Anderson, Perry, “Components of the National Culture” New Left Review, 1:50(July-August 1968), pp. 3-57.
86.Hobsbawm, Eric, “The Face of Labour's Future: Eric Hobsbawm interviews Neil Kinnock”, Marxism Today (Oct, 1984), pp. 8-15.
87.Hobsbawm, Eric, “Labour's Lost Millions”, Marxism Today (Oct, 1983), pp. 7-13.
88.NLR Editorials, “Notes for Readers”New Left Review, 1:12(November-December, 1961), pp. i-ii.

(五、)西文辭典：

89.Gorman, Robert A. (ed.), Biographical Dictionary of Neo-Marxism (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Pr., 1985).
90.Outhwaite, William (ed.), The Blackwell Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Social Thought (Mass.: Blackwell, 1993).

二、中文專書

(一、)中文書目：

91.Alexander, Jeffrey C., 吳潛誠總編，《文化與社會》，台北：立緒，2004。
92.Graeme, Turne,唐維敏譯，《英國文化研究導論》，台北：亞太，1998。
93.Horkheimer, Max (ed.), 渠敬東、曹衛東譯，《啟蒙辯證法—哲學斷片》，上海：上海人民出版社，2006。
94.Hayek, F. A., 王明毅等譯，《通往奴役之路》，北京：中國社會科學出版發行，1997。
95.Hayek, F. A.,，謝宗林等譯，《不要命的自負：社會主義的種種錯誤》(台北市：遠流，1995)。
96.Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, 中共中央馬克思恩格斯列寧斯大林著作編譯局編，〈《政治經濟學批判》序言〉，《馬克思恩格斯選集》，北京：人民出版社，1972，卷1，頁82-83。
97.Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, 中共中央馬克思恩格斯列寧斯大林著作編譯局編，〈關於費爾巴哈的提綱〉，《馬克思恩格斯選集》， 北京：人民出版社，1972，卷1，頁19。
98.Lenin, Vladimir, 中共中央馬克思恩格斯列寧斯大林著作編譯局譯，《列寧全集》，北京：人民出版社，1992。
99.Marx, Karl, 中共中央馬克思恩格斯列寧斯大林著作編譯局譯，《馬克思資本論》，北京：人民出版社，1999。
100.Marx, Karl, Engels, Friedric, 中共中央馬克思恩格斯列寧斯大林著作編譯局編，《馬克思恩格斯選集》，北京：人民出版社，1972。
101.Olson, Mancur,董安琪譯，《集體行動的邏輯》，台北巿：遠流，1989。
102.Thatcher, Margaret, 李宏強譯，《通往權力之路—撒切爾夫人》，北京：國際文化，2005。
103.Bauman, Zygmunt, 郇建立、李靜韜譯，《後現代性及其缺憾》，上海市：學林出版社，2002。
104.Gramsci, Antonio,《獄中札記》，台北：谷風，1988。
105.周樑楷，《史學與國民意識論文集》，台北：稻鄉，1999。
106.徐浩、侯建新，《當代西方史學流派》，台北：昭明，2001。
107.陳光興，楊明敏編，《內爆麥當奴：麥當奴內爆文化》，台北：島嶼邊緣，1992。
108.王曾才，《西洋近代史》，台北：正中，1998。
109.錢乘旦、陳曉律、潘興明、陳祖洲等著，《二十世紀英國》，香港：商務，1997。
110.王紹光著，燕青山, 易飛先, 張愛茹譯，《理性與瘋狂：文化大革命中的群眾》，香港：牛津大學，1993。
111.陳永發，《中國共產革命七十年》，台北：聯經，2001。

(二、)中文期刊：

112.何明修，〈台灣工會運動中的男子氣概〉，《台灣社會學刊》，36 (台北，2006): 65-108。
113.楊子政，〈英國共產黨歷史家小組及其「思想的戰役」〉，《西洋史集刊》，13(臺南，2005. 6)，頁123-164。
114.陳光興，〈花園裡的癩蛤蟆—史都華•霍爾分析英國新右派柴契爾主義〉，《當代》，24(台北，1988.4)，頁66-77。
115.陳光興，〈流離海外知識份子的歷史軌跡〉，《當代》，122(台北，1997.10)，頁24-49。
116.陳光興，〈文化研究和國際化政治〉，《當代》，122(台北，1997.10)，頁50-65。
117.Stuart Hall, 唐維敏譯，〈種族、文化和傳播：霍爾文化研究的回顧與前瞻〉，《當代》，123(台北，1997.11)，頁70-79。
118.孫紹誼，〈通俗文化、意識型態與話語霸權－伯明罕文化研究學術評述〉，《當代》，(台北，1995.10)，頁68-89。
119.陳宜中，〈第三條路：新時代的新政治〉，《臺灣社會研究》，40(台北，2000.12)，頁153-179。

(三、)網頁資源：

120.CND運動網頁：http://www.cnduk.org/
121.http://www.jobcentreplus.gov.uk/JCP/Customers/New_Deal/
122.http://www.21cbh.com/HTML/2008/11/24/HTML_GW9HMNF0BCGY.html