臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以美國工業衛生學會(AIHA)提出職業暴露評估與處理策略作基礎，以單一暴露危害物二甲基甲醯胺（DMF）為主，初步危害分析評分方法，針對PU樹脂合成皮工廠相似暴露群（SEGs, Similar Exposure Groups）實施量化風險評估，以瞭解全廠勞工DMF暴露情況，發掘潛在之高危險族群。研究對象為中部三家PU合成皮工廠共有235名DMF暴露勞工，其中針對某一家傳統式PU合成皮工廠在不同月份分四次採樣比較DMF濃度之差異。研究方法包括實施初步危害評分、勞工問卷調查、DMF溶劑環境測定、上下班尿中NMF生物偵測及健康檢查肝功能指數（SGPT）等，根據上述資料，共同探討相似暴露群組勞工作業環境溶劑暴露情形及其相關性，以擬定適當環境採樣策略，並建立暴露模式來推估勞工暴露DMF情形。
結果顯示A廠以處理機相似暴露群算術平均濃度16.28 ppm最高，其次為乾式機相似暴露群為12.87 ppm，其中有處理機等四個相似暴露群算術平均95﹪信賴區間上限值有超過容許濃度標準，B廠以濕式機相似暴露群為15.60 ppm最高，其次為濕式配色相似暴露群為13.37 ppm ，其中有濕式機等六個相似暴露群濃度之算術平均信賴區間上限值也超過容許濃度標準，必須加強廠內環境工程改善。本研究三家工廠整合初步危害評分量化模式：DMF(ppm) = 0.25×初步危害評分 + 3.08，R=0.699 (P=0.011)，下班後尿中NMF模式：NMF（mg/g cre.） = 0.88×DMF (ppm )+ 11.68，R=0.268(P<0.001)。高濃度暴露群勞工發現有較高肝功能（SGPT）異常結果，自覺症狀以低暴露組比例較高，可能產生健康工人效應。
本研究以單一暴露危害物DMF 量化風險評估方法建立採樣策略，並作相似暴露群建立及檢定之過程，希望國內各事業單位利用相似暴露群之觀念，研擬完整職業衛生計畫，以避免職場職業病案例發生。

The objective of this study was to assess the DMF exposure risk of PU synthetic leather plants similar exposure groups (SEGs). The theory is based on AIHA ‘a strategy for occupational exposure assessment’. The method was priority ranking by information gathered from SEGs to understand the DMF exposure of the PU synthetic leather workers and to find the high risk of the DMF exposure workers in the workplace. 235 workers were recruited from three PU synthetic leather factories in Taiwan central area. A traditional PU synthetic leather factory’s workers were sampled four times in different months to compare the difference of DMF exposure. The methods included the preliminary priority rating, questionnaire, DMF circumstance monitoring, preshift urine NMF (N-methyl-formamide), endshift urine NMF and the medical examination liver function test SGPT (or called ALT, alanine aminotransferase). According to above, I evaluate the correlation of the SEGs DMF exposure to each other’s factors frame the workplace’s environmental sampling stragety and promote the DMF exposure model to assess the workplace’s DMF exposure situation.
16.28 ppm of DMF concentration in air was found to be the highest level in surface treatment SEG compared to other SEGs in ‘A’ factory, followed by dry coating machine SEG was 12.87 ppm. Four SEGs’ distribution upper tolerance limit (UTL) of 95% C.I. of mean DMF concentration in air was found to exceed permissible exposure level (10 ppm). 15.60 ppm of DMF concentration in air was found to be the highest level in wet coating machine SEG compared to other SEGs in ‘B’ factory, followed by wet resin mixing SEG was 13.37 ppm. Six SEGs DMF concentration in air, the distribution upper tolerance limit (UTL) of 95% C.I.of mean was found to exceed permissible exposure level. These SEGs’ ventilation system must be improved to protect the workers’ health. The levels of DMF in air were highly correlated with the levels of preliminary priority rating in three factories. We got priority rating model: DMF(ppm)= 0.25×priority rating ＋3.08 R=0.699 (p=0.011). The N-methyl formamide (NMF) in post end-shift urine correlated with the levels of DMF in air was NMF（mg/g cre.）= 0.88×DMF (ppm )+ 11.68，R=0.268(P<0.001). There was a high liver function indices of SGPT in high concentration DMF exposure groups (>10 ppm). There were high self-symptoms scores in low DMF concentration groups. This might be the healthy worker effects.
The purpose of this research was to promote DMF sampling stragety by DMF risk assessment. We have defined the similar exposure groups and measured the SEGs’ goodness-of-fit. We hope the PU synthetic leather plants can promote the SEGs’ conception, improve occupational hygiene plan, and avoid occupational diseases.

目 錄
中文摘要.......................................................................................................I
英文摘要.......................................................................................................III
目錄................................................................................................................V
表目錄.........................................................................................................VIII
圖目錄...........................................................................................................XI
附圖、附表、附錄......................................................................................XII
第一章、前言
第一節、背景資料...................................................................................1
第二節、研究動機...................................................................................3
第三節、研究目的...................................................................................5
第二章、文獻探討
第一節、合成皮製造流程與原物料.......................................................6
第二節、DMF物化性質與容許標準....................................................13
第三節、DMF毒性及流行病學研究.....................................................16
第四節、職業暴露評估與策略..............................................................25
第三章、材料與方法
第一節、研究架構.................................................................................30
第二節、研究對象.................................................................................31
第三節、研究方法..................................................................................31
第四節、作業環境之採樣策略..............................................................35
第五節、分析方法..................................................................................37
第六節、資料處理與分析.......................................................................43
第四章 結果
第一節、研究對象之背景資料...............................................................47
第二節、空氣中DMF暴露濃度分層與研究對象資料之相關性.......48
第三節、DMF職場中各相似暴露群結果分析.....................................51
第四節、各相似暴露群DMF分層結果分析.......................................58
第五節、研究對象個人自覺症狀、生物偵測、肝功能指數與影響因素分析.......................................................................................61
第五章、討論
第一節、研究對象特性........................................................................63
第二節、合成皮作業環境相似暴露群之分析與評估........................64
第三節、危害評分、DMF作業環境測定與尿中NMF生物偵測之相關性...........................................................................................66
第四節、空氣中DMF暴露濃度分層與研究對象自覺症狀及肝功能指標之相關性...............................................................................70
第五節、研究限制與未來研究方向.....................................................73
第六章、結論與建議
第一節、結論..........................................................................................75
第二節、建議..........................................................................................77
第七章、參考文獻..........................................................................................79
表目錄
表一、研究對象之基本資料.........................................................................86
表二、研究對象之工作暴露資料..................................................................87
表三、依DMF濃度分為十二相似暴露群組...............................................88
表四、依空氣中DMF暴露濃度分層與研究對象基本資料之相關性.........................................................................................................89
表五、三組中DMF暴露濃度與勞工肝功能、喝酒及自覺症狀之相關性.........................................................................................................90
表六、三組DMF暴露濃度與個人自覺症狀*之相關性.............................91
表七、三組DMF暴露分組個人自覺症狀之比較........................................92
表八、三組DMF暴露分組個人自覺症狀盛行率之比較............................92
表九、三組DMF暴露濃度分層與個人DMF自覺症狀盛行率之比較.........................................................................................................92
表十、各專家學者對DMF影響各因素的權重分數平均表.......................93
表十一、三家合成皮各工廠中DMF各相似暴露群初步危害評分比較.....94
表十二、各相似暴露群DMF個人測定及區域測定描述統計及檢定表.....95
表十三、三家合成皮工廠各相似暴露群危害評分、空氣中DMF(ppm)與尿中NMF（mg/g cre.）比較..............................................................96
表十四、A廠DMF相似暴露群危害評分、空氣中DMF(ppm)與尿中NMF（mg/g cre.）比較...........................................................................96
表十五－１、三家工廠12個SEGs合併後危害評分、DMF、preNMF、postNMF濃度間之相關係數表..............................................97
表十五－2、三家工廠12個SEGs合併後受測勞工作業之評分、DMF濃度、尿中preNMF與postNMF濃度間之相關係數表........97
表十五-3、A廠12個SEGs危害評分、DMF、preNMF、postNMF濃度間之相關係數表...........................................................................97
表十五-4、A廠12個SEGs受測勞工作業之評分、DMF濃度、尿中preNMF與postNMF濃度間之相關係數表..........................................97
表十六、各相似暴露群以DMF分層描述統計表......................................98
表十七、合成皮工廠DMF相似暴露群分層在個人危害評分、空氣中DMF(ppm)與尿中NMF（mg/g cre.）濃度之比較.......................98
表十八、合成皮工廠中DMF相似暴露群分層中在DMF、甲苯（TOL）、丁酮（MEK）濃度測定比較........................................................98
表十九、A廠中四次不同時段各分層作業部門個人危害評分、空氣中DMF(ppm)與尿中NMF（mg/g cre）比較...................................99
表二十、A廠中四次不同時段危害評分、空氣中DMF(ppm)與尿中NMF（mg/g cre）之平均值比較.........................................................100
表二十一、A廠四次不同時段各相似暴露群空氣中DMF濃度(ppm)之分布表................................................................................................100
表二十二、影響合成皮作業員工自覺症狀總分之複迴歸分析................101
表二十三、影響合成皮作業員工暴露DMF與八種自覺症狀總分之複迴歸分析................................................................................................101
表二十四、影響暴露勞工下班後尿中生物偵測NMF濃度之複迴歸分析....................................................................................................102
表二十五、響血中肝功能(SGPT)異常之邏輯式迴歸分析........................102
圖目錄
圖一、檢定A工廠SEG1環測DMF濃度之線性迴歸圖.........................103
圖二、檢定A工廠SEG1環測DMF濃度之線性迴歸圖.........................103
圖三、三家合成皮工廠十二個相似暴露群空氣中DMF濃度與危害評分線性迴歸圖..........................................................................................104
圖四、三家合成皮工廠受測樣本DMF濃度與危害評分之線性迴歸方程式......................................................................................................104
圖五、三家合成皮工廠十二個相似暴露群下班後尿中NMF與空氣中DMF濃度之線性迴歸圖..........................................................................105
圖六、三家合成皮工廠受測樣本下班後尿中NMF與空氣中DMF濃度之線性迴歸圖......................................................................................105
圖七、A廠十二個相似暴露群空氣中DMF濃度與危害評分之線性迴歸圖......................................................................................................106
圖八、A廠受測勞工空氣中DMF濃度與危害評分之線性迴歸圖.........106
圖九、A廠十二個相似暴露群下班後NMF與DMF濃度平均值線性迴歸圖......................................................................................................106
圖十、A廠受測勞工下班後尿中NMF濃度與空氣中DMF濃度之線性迴歸圖..................................................................................................107
附圖
附圖一、A廠配置圖..................................................................................108
附圖二、乾式製程流程圖..........................................................................109
附圖三、濕式製程及其他部門流程圖......................................................110
附圖四、DMF於體內代謝途徑.................................................................111
附圖五、採樣策略理論架構......................................................................112
附表
附表一、檢量線濃度數據..........................................................................113
附表二、添加回收率..................................................................................113
附錄
附錄一、DMF工廠作業人員健康問卷調查表..........................................114
附錄二、初步危害評分紀錄表...................................................................120
附錄三、DMF整體危害影響各因素的權重分數問卷調查表...................122

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