臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台灣山羌（Formosan Reeves’ muntjac; Muntiacus reevesi micrurus）是鹿科（Cervidae）動物、羌屬（Muntiacus）的台灣特有亞種，具有全年生殖之生理特性。鑒於野生台灣山羌敏感難近，難以經由侵入性方法（invasive method）採樣獲得其生殖生理狀態之完整訊息。本論文主要應用非侵入性（non-invasive）方法採集糞便，分析所含助孕酮（fecal progesterone, FP4）含量，配合發情行為指標計分（behavioral score of estrous signs, BSE）之記錄，以探討雌性台灣山羌之生殖生理特性。結果顯示：雌性台灣山羌各生殖階段之FP4值（141~1022 ng/g ADMF）與血清助孕酮（serum progesterone, SP4）（34~215 ng/mL）值呈現顯著正相關性（P < 0.05），而與BSE值呈現顯著負相關性（P < 0.05）（研究一）。自離乳起至發身（puberty, 呈現首次配種接受性）為止，其FP4、SP4和BSE值均逐漸增加，三者間具有顯著正相關關係（P < 0.01），而於接近發身前之三週起，BSE值則分別與FP4、SP4值呈現顯著負相關性（P < 0.05）（研究二）。於性成熟雌羌之動情週期中，其FP4間與BSE值呈現以12.5 ± 0.4 d為週期性之高低變化，FP4並與BSE值呈現顯著負相關性（P < 0.01）。FP4於發情期（estrus）呈現基礎值（Avg. 174 ng/g ADMF），在發情後期（metestrus）升高（Avg. 313 ng/g ADMF），至發情間期（diestrus）顯著上升（P < 0.05）（Avg. 439 ng/g ADMF）達到高原值，而後降低至發情前期（proestrus, Avg. 328 ng/g ADMF），並回復到後續發情期之基礎值，顯示卵巢黃體具備週期活動之功能性。其首次發情（發身）、產後發情（postpartum estrus）與非產後發情之發情持續時間分別為9.0 ± 1.3、18.0 ± 4.1和12.7 ± 1.4 h（研究三）。整個懷孕期期間之FP4值以懷孕後期（131~200 d, Avg. 1021 ng/g ADMF）顯著（P < 0.01）的高於懷孕前期（0~60 d）和中期（61~130 d）（二者約634～853 ng/g ADMF），並與BSE值呈現顯著負相關性（P < 0.01）（研究四）。綜合本論文之各項試驗結果，利用分析台灣山羌糞便所含之FP4，同時配合BSE之記錄，顯示其於發身、發情、懷孕和分娩之FP4與SP4及BSE值之變化具有顯著之正/負相關關係，證實可經由非侵入性採樣方法作為監測雌性台灣山羌各生殖生理狀態之指標。

The Formosan Reeves’ Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi micrurus) is a small reddish ruminant which is endemic to Taiwan (22~25.5°N), and bears the capability of year-round reproduction. The aim of this thesis is to utilize the non-invasive sampling method for fecal progesterone analysis, associated with the estrous behavior record to investigate the reproductive characteristics in the Formosan Reeves’ muntjac does. There were high positive correspondences between FP4 and SP4 values, and negative BSE between and FP4 or SP4 values of the sampling animals in various reproductive status in study Ι. It means that the FP4 could be used for representing the reproductive status in the female Formosan Reeves’ muntjacs. There were highly positively significant correlations among FP4, SP4 and BSE values in the stage from weaning to puberty in the juvenile female Formosan Reeves' muntjac. Among the values, there was negatively significant correlation between FP4 and BSE, also between SP4 and BSE values within the 3 weeks approaching prepubertal estrus. (study ΙΙ). The values of FP4 and BSE showed a periodic wave in 12.5 ± 0.4 d interval, and were in highly significantly negative correlation (P < 0.01) during the common estrous cycle in the matured female Formosan Reeves’ muntjacs. The FP4 values showed in baseline level in estrous period, it significantly increased in predicate metestrus (P < 0.05), up to plateau in diestrus, then dropped down to the values in predicate proestrus stage and then again to the baseline in the subsequent estrus stage. In the period from calving to postpartum estrus, the FP4 showed a sharp trend of decreasing, but the interval to estrus exhibition (2.6 ± 0.3 d) is shorter than common estrus. There were apparently different estrous durations among pubertal, postpartum and common estrus, in which the duration in postpartum estrus was the longest, and the shortest was the pubertal estrus (study ΙΙΙ). During the overall gestation stage, the FP4 value was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the late pregnancy (131~200 d) than that in early pregnancy (0~60 d) and in mid pregnancy period (61~130 d). Also the values of FP4 and BSE were in significant negative correlation (P < 0.01) (study Ⅳ). By analyzing the FP4 contents of the female muntjacs and the records of BSE, the results from the present studies (Ι~Ⅳ) show uniformly highly negative correspondence between FP4 and BSE in the stages of puberty, estrus, in various periods in gestation stage, and calving. In conclusion, it is testified that we could apply the non-invasive method of FP4 analyzing for monitoring the reproductive status of the female Formosan Reeves’ muntjacs.

目錄

中文摘要 I
Abstract III
誌謝 V
目錄 VI
圖表目錄 VIII
壹、前言 1
貳、文獻探討 3
一、雌性哺乳動物之主要性腺內泌素 3
（一）雌性素（Estrogen） 3
（二）助孕素（Progestin） 3
二、雌性山羌研究之概況 4
（一）年齡辨識 4
（二）生育能力研究 4
（三）生殖內分泌學研究 5
（四）台灣山羌之性行為模式 8
（五）雌鹿血液中之助孕酮於各生殖生理期別間之變化 8
三、發身之相關內分泌模式 9
（一）發身之定義 11
（二）影響發身之因素 12
四、懷孕期生理與內泌素之變化 13
五、性行為與內泌素之變化 14
六、性類固醇之生物合成代謝與檢測 17
（一）性類固醇內泌素的生物合成 17
（二）性類固醇內泌素的代謝與排泄 19
（三）雌性哺乳動物助孕酮代謝之特性 21
（四）排泄物中之性類固醇內泌素 23
（五）影響排泄物中性類固醇內泌素濃度之因素 27
參、試驗研究 32
一、研究一：雌性台灣山羌各生殖生理期別血中、糞中助孕酮濃度變化之相關性 32
（一）摘要 32
（二）前言 33
（三）材料與方法 33
（四）結果與討論 46
（五）結論 48
二、研究二：雌性台灣山羌自離乳迄發身血中、糞中助孕酮濃度與發情行為之變化 50
（一）摘要 50
（二）前言 50
（三）材料與方法 51
（四）結果與討論 52
（五）結論 56
三、研究三：雌性台灣山羌於動情週期期間糞便助孕酮濃度與發情行為之變化 58
（一）摘要 58
（二）前言 60
（三）材料與方法 60
（四）結果與討論 62
（五）結論 70
四、研究四：雌性台灣山羌於懷孕期間體重及糞便助孕酮濃度與發情行為之變化 77
（一）摘要 77
（二）前言 79
（三）材料與方法 79
（四）結果與討論 81
（五）結論 85
肆、總結論 90
參考文獻 92
作者簡介 114

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