臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

無線感測器網路是目前無線通訊上的一個熱烈討論議題，由於無線感測器節點需透過電池來提供電力，但電池提供的電力有限，要如何有效地節省無線感測器上的能源，一直為學界主要探討的議題之一。
在本論文中我們提出應用於無線感測器TDMA協定上的一個時槽分配機制，我們稱之為DTSA。DTSA設計的主要目的為解決無線感測器MAC協定上的能源浪費問題(如:collision、overhearing、idle listening和control packet overhead)。我們假設網路是由一Sink節點及N個感測器節點所組成的一個感測器網路，DTSA由Sink節點開始執行，透過感測器節點間相互合作將整個網路建構出一個擴張樹；在建樹的過程中，每當一個節點加入此樹時，便會從其父節點得到一個時槽，此時槽未來可能因為週遭鄰居的時槽改變，而產生衝突的情形。當節點偵測到衝突情形發生，會進行時槽重選以解決衝突的情況。根據實驗結果，本篇論文所設計的DTSA協定比S-MAC [3] 及TDMA-W [11] 更有效率地節省能源。

In this dissertation, a distributed time slot assignment protocol (DTSA) for sensor networks is proposed. A special node, called as sink, starts the protocol by constructing a tree spanning all the sensors and itself as the root of the spanning tree. When a sensor becomes one of the internal nodes of the tree, it assigns collision-free time slots for its 2-hops neighbors. Each sensor only needs to know its local 2-hops network topology and communicate with its neighbors. No collision, overhearing, idle listening, and control packet overhead problems exist among sensors after establishing the tree, and then a sensor wakes up only in the time slots assigned to it and its child nodes. In comparison with the S-MAC protocol [3] and TDMA-W protocol [11], the simulation shows that the DTSA protocol consumes less power to prolong the network lifetime.

中文摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 vii
一、緒論 1
1.1. 研究動機 1
1.2. MAC協定簡介 1
1.3. TDMA簡介 3
1.4. 研究目的 4
1.5. 論文架構 5
二、相關文獻 6
2.1. 競爭式MAC 協定 6
2.1.1. S-MAC[3] 6
2.1.2. T-MAC[4] 7
2.2. 排程式MAC協定 8
2.2.1. BMA[9] 8
2.2.2. NAMA[10] 9
2.2.3. TDMA-W[11] 10
2.2.4. SC-TDMA[23] 12
三、DTSA機制 14
3.1. 系統模型 14
3.2. DTSA運作概述 15
3.3. 訊息格式 17
3.4. 內部節點的挑選 18
3.5. DTSA流程 21
3.5.1. 根節點 21
3.5.2. 內部節點 22
3.5.2.1. 剛成為內部節點之訊息處理 23
3.5.2.2. 已成內部節點之訊息處理 24
3.5.3. 葉節點之訊息處理 27
四、模擬與分析 28
4.1. 模擬環境 28
4.2. 模擬結果與分析 30
4.2.1. 分配時槽所需要時間與使用的最大時槽數 31
4.2.2. 能源消耗 34
4.2.3. 封包碰撞量 36
4.2.4. 節點平均睡眠時間 38
4.2.5. 封包的延遲時間 39
4.2.6. 封包丟棄率 40
五、結論與未來研究方向 43
5.1. 結論 43
5.2. 未來之研究方向 43
參考文獻 45

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