臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究初步探討臺灣主要栽培品種‘臺茶12號’與‘青心烏龍’的生殖特性，及其對生長與產量之影響。
從標定秋梢小花至開花一共分為8個時期，Stage 1-4小花縱橫徑各小於5 mm和4 mm，此時小花生長緩慢，Stage 5-7小花進入快速生長期，經歷露白期，小花外觀由鮮綠漸漸轉白，內部雄蕊由透明轉黃色，於Stage 8開花，‘臺茶12號’與‘青心烏龍’小花生育曲線均呈現單S型，從現蕾至開花，‘臺茶12號’需102天，‘青心烏龍’需114天。調查兩品種果高、果寬與鮮重顯示果實均屬於單S型生長曲線，‘臺茶12號’成熟單籽果、雙籽果與三籽果鮮重分別為4.37 ± 1.7 g、6.27 ± 1.33 g、6.51 ± 0.71 g，‘青心烏龍’則分別為4.7 ± 0.8 g、7.0 ± 1.3 g、11.8 ± 0.6 g。
為了解提升容器大小及疏花處理是否能增進地上部及根部發育，將‘臺茶12號’一年生扦插苗分別種植於30及60 cm長的方形長盆，並分為100％人工疏花處理、50％人工疏花處理及對照組。結果顯示50％及100％人工疏花處理可促進根部生長，且容器大小與疏花處理於總根長和網外根重具有交感效應，種植於60 cm 長盆的扦插苗，透過疏花處理能夠提升網外根鮮重、網外根乾重、總根長及總乾重。
進一步探討田間疏花處理對茶菁產量、品質、性狀、營養含量及果實產量的影響，以‘臺茶12號’為材料並比較0% (CK)、25%、50%、75%、100%人工疏花處理與當年秋、冬及隔年春、夏採收之茶菁品質產量的關聯。於冬茶與隔年春茶具有較顯著的影響，50％人工疏花處理提高冬茶及春茶之茶菁重，將四季(秋、冬、春、夏)茶菁重合計後，50％人工疏花處理茶菁重達281.1 g/m2，對照組為195.9 g/m2，每公頃每年產量將增加0.85噸。冬茶透過25％與50％人工疏花處理，提升第二葉厚、第三葉寬和葉厚，春茶以75％與100％人工疏花處理，具有促進茶芽伸長現象。除了100％人工疏花處理使田間果實產量下降，每平方公尺可採收之果實鮮重為5.7 g，其餘各處理果實產量並無顯著減少，仍可採收到與對照組相同數量之果實。冬茶茶菁品質以100％人工疏花處理總分最高，水色較鮮亮，春茶以50％人工疏花處理香氣較濃郁。葉片營養分析方面，50％人工疏花處理提升秋茶氮含量與鉀含量、冬茶磷含量和夏茶磷含量。綜合以上結果，欲提升經濟效益較高冬茶與春茶茶菁產量、性狀及品質，以50％人工疏花處理較佳。

This study is to explore Taiwan main cultivars ‘TEES No. 12’ and ‘Chin-Shin Oolong’ reproductive characteristics, and its effect on growth and yield. It is divided into eight stages from labeling to flowering. In stage 1-4, each length and width of flower is less than 5 mm and 4 mm. Flowers grow slowly in this period. In stage 5-7, flowers enter rapid growth period and petals turn to white. Color of stamens turn to yellow from transparent. In stage 8,flowers enter anthesis period. ‘TEES No. 12’ and ‘Chin-Shin Oolong’ flowers both appear single sigmoid growth curve. ‘TEES No. 12’ needs 102 days and ‘Chin-Shin Oolong’ needs 114 days from labeling to anthesis. Investigating fruit height, width and fresh weight of ‘TEES No. 12’ and ‘Chin-Shin Oolong’ that show fruits both belong to single sigmoid growth curve. Weight of ripe fruits with single seed, double seeds and triple seeds of ‘TEES No. 12’ and ‘Chin-Shin Oolong’ is 4.37 ± 1.7 g, 6.27 ± 1.33 g, 6.51 ± 0.71 g, and 4.7 ± 0.8 g,7.0 ± 1.3 g, 11.8 ± 0.6 g individually.
In order to understand the effect of pot’s size and hand flower thinning treatment on top and root growth, planting ‘TEES No. 12’ annual cutting in 30 cm and 60 cm pot, and utilize 50％ hand flower thinning, 100％ hand flower thinning and control treatment. Results indicate that 50％ hand flower thinning and 100％ hand flower thinning can advance roots growing. Pot’s size treatment and hand flower thinning treatment have an interaction on total root length and root weight. Which planting in 60 cm plot cuttings, hand flower thinning treatment promote roots fresh weight, roots dry weight, total root length and total dry weight.
Further investigating the effect of hand flower thinning treatment on tea yield, character, nutrient content and fruit yield. Using ‘TEES No. 12’ as material, and comparing the effect of 0％ hand flower thinning, 25％ hand flower thinning, 50％ hand flower thinning, 75％ hand flower thinning, and 100％ hand flower thinning on autumn tea, winter tea, spring tea, and summer tea. Using 50％ hand flower thinning treatment advances leaves’ weights of winter tea and spring tea. Summing four season yield, 50％ hand flower thinning treatment is 281.1 g/m2 ,and control is 195.9 g/m2. Yield will increase 0.85 ton every hectare and per year. Using 25％ and 50％ hand flower thinning treatment increase 2nd leaf thickness, 3rd leaf width, and 3rd leaf thickness. Using 75％ and 100％ hand flower thinning treatment promote bud elongation. Except 100％ hand flower thinning treatment, other treatments maintain fruit yield. 100％ hand flower thinning has the highest score in winter tea quality, which has relatively bright color. 50％ hand flower thinning on spring tea has rich fragrance. In nutritional analysis of leaves, using 50％ hand flower thinning increases nitrogen content of autumn tea, potassium content of autumn tea, phosphorus content of winter tea and phosphorus content of summer tea. Based on the above results, using 50％ hand flower thinning can promote tea yield, character, and quality.

中文摘要 i
Abstract iii
目錄 v
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 viii
第一章 前言 1
第二章 文獻回顧 3
第一節 產業現況 3
第二節 茶樹生殖生長 4
第三節 植物營養生長與生殖生長之關係 6
第四節 疏花疏果對植物生育之影響 7
第五節 茶樹必需營養要素 10
第三章 材料與方法 13
第一節 ‘臺茶12號’和 ‘青心烏龍’生殖生長發育階段調查 13
第二節 容器大小與疏花處理對‘臺茶12號’生長發育之影響 14
第三節 疏花處理對‘臺茶12號’茶菁產量與品質之影響 15
第四章 結果與討論 19
第一節‘臺茶12號’和‘青心烏龍’生殖生長調查 19
第二節 容器大小與疏花處理對‘臺茶12號’生長發育之影響 36
第三節 人工疏花處理對‘臺茶12號’茶菁產量與品質之影響 51
第五章 結論 73
參考文獻 75
附錄 80

王為一.2004. 植物保護圖鑑系列4-茶樹保護. 防檢局.臺北.
王為一、廖慶樑、陳玄. 2001. 茶樹芽體分化與發育之觀察研究. 中國園藝47: 291-300.
王湧清、劉秀奇. 1990. 植物生長調節劑在果樹生產中的應用. 中國林業出版社. 北京.
世界農糧組織(FAO). 2013. 全球茶葉生產量.
林木連、蔡右任、張清寬、陳國任、楊盛勳、陳英玲、賴正南、陳玄、張如華. 2003. 臺灣的茶葉. 遠足文化事業有限公司. 臺北.
周海齡. 1988. 茶花.p.20-21. 中國農業百科全書總編輯委員會. 中國農業百科全書茶業卷. 農業出版社. 北京.
周海齡. 1988. 茶樹果實. p.48-49. 中國農業百科全書總編輯委員會. 中國農業百科全書茶業卷. 農業出版社. 北京.
吳振鐸. 1963. 茶樹花部型態的研究. 中華農學會新報44:25-43.
吳振鐸. 1980. 茶葉. 臺灣農家要覽(上). 豐年社. p. 502-563.
吳秋兒、吉克溫、楊為侯、張玉水. 1980. 乙烯利對茶樹疏花疏果與增產效果之研究. 茶葉通報1:13-17.
邱垂豐. 2005. 茶樹開花之研究.中興大學農藝系博士論文.
邱垂豐、朱德民. 2004. 茶樹開花對其產量及品質之影響. 臺灣茶業研究彙報 23:1-14.
邱垂豐、蔡俊明. 1997. 茶樹疏花對其生育之影響. 特用作物試驗成果研討會專刊 76:91-102.
徐紅寶. 1986. 中國茶樹栽培學. 上海科學出版社. 上海. 大陸p. 72-141。
徐楚生. 1988. 茶樹營養元素.p.78-79. 中國農業百科全書總編輯委員會. 中國農業百科全書茶業卷. 農業出版社. 北京.
陳右人. 1995. 茶樹生長與發育. 茶業技術推廣手冊. 臺灣省茶業改良場印行. p. 89-98.
陳右人、馮鑑淮、王兩全. 1991. 益收疏花對茶樹產量，品質與農藝性狀之調查. 臺灣茶業研究彙報10:51-64.
陶漢之. 1988. 茶樹缺素症. p. 65. 中國農業百科全書總編輯委員會. 中國農業百科全書茶業卷. 農業出版社. 北京.
張如華. 2011. 近十年全球茶葉產銷概況. 臺灣茶協會會員通訊 30:29
馮鑑淮、陳右人. 1990. 茶樹開花結果之農藝性狀調查及對生產之影響 I.茶樹人工與藥劑疏花之研究. 臺灣茶業研究彙報 9:21-33.
農情統計. 2014. 臺灣茶葉生產面積與產量. <http://kmweb.coa.gov.tw/subject/lp.asp?ctNode=8326&CtUnit=4753&BaseDSD=7&mp=271>
楊美珠. 1998. 茶樹自交不親合之研究. 臺灣大學園藝暨景觀學系碩士論文.
潘根生、胡松金. 1980. 乙烯利誘導茶樹疏花疏果的效果. 茶葉通報. 1:40-43.
蔡俊明. 1995. 茶樹剪枝管理. 茶葉技術推廣手冊. 臺灣省茶業改良場印行 p.151-162.
賴正南、陳右人. 2013. 臺灣茶葉發展與展望. 臺灣茶業研究彙報 32:103-128.
劉熙. 1975. 茶樹生理與種植. 五周出版社. 臺北.
蘇登照. 2011. 臺灣茶葉產銷履歷制度推動與政策管理概況. 農業生技產業季刊 25:25-29.
至春橋、中山仰. 1953. 茶花蕾方開花関係.茶業研究報告1:7-11.
高橋桓二、梁瀨好充. 1958. 茶樹花芽分化関研究(第1報)分化時期分化習性. 茶葉研究報告11:10-17.
梁瀨好充. 1975. 茶蕾著生影響對策. 茶業研究報告28: 49-54.
塘二郎、淵之上康原、淵之上宏子. 1958. 茶樹受精結実関研究. 茶業研究報告 12:14-19
Bazzaz, F.A., N.R. Chiariello, P.D. Coley, and L.F. Pitelka. 1987. Allocation resources to reproduction and defense. BioScience 37:58-67.
Bazzaz, F.A., R.W. Carlson, and J.L. Harper. 1979. Contribution to reproductive effort by photosynthesis of flowers and fruits. Nature 279:554-555.
Chapin, S.F., E.D. Schulze, and H.A. Monney. 1990. The ecology and economics of storage in plants. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 21:423-447.
Coombe, B.G. 1976. The development of fleshy fruits. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 27:507-528.
García-Luis, A., F. Fornés, A. Sanz, and J.L. Guardiola. 1988. The regulation of flowering and fruit set in Citrus: relationship with carbohydrate levels. Israel J. Bot. 37:189-201.
Goldschmidt, E.E., and A. Golomb. 1982. The carbohydrate balance of alternate- bearing Citrus trees and the significance of reserves for flowering and fruiting. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 107:206-208.
Goldschmidt, E.E. and K.E. Koch. 1996. Photoassimilate distribution in plants and crops. p. 797-823. In: E. Zamski and A.A. Schaffer (eds.). Citrus. Marcel Dekker, NY.
Kappel, F.Y. 1991. Partitioning of above-ground dry matter in ‘Lambert’ sweet cherry trees with or without fruit. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 116:201-205.
Liu, S.Q., Y.Y. Ren, and H.B. Xu. 2011. Effect of thinning flower buds on fruit and seed traits and root yield of Panax ginseng. Industrial Crops and Products 33:559-565.
Lin, S.Y., Y.Y. Liao, S.F. Roan, I.Z. Chen, and P.A. Chen. 2014. Growth of noni fruits (Morinda citrifolia L.) and accumulation of phenolic compounds during fruit development. Scientia Hort. 178:168-174.
Loescher, W.H., T. McCamant, and J.D. Keller. 1990. Carbohydrate reserves, translocation, and storage in woody plant roots. HortScience 25:274-280.
Mattiuz, B.H., L.G. Neto, and J.M.P.L. Filho. 1997. Fruit development of three guava cultivars (Psidium guajava L.). Acta Hort. 452:83-86.
Monerri,C., A. Fortunatio-Almeida, R.V. Molina, S.G. Nebauer, A. Garcia-Luis, and J.L. Guardiola. 2011. Relation of carbohydrate reserves with the forthcoming crop, flower formation and photosynthetic rate, in the alternate bearing ‘Salustiana’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.). Scientia Hort. 129:71-78.
Okuse, I. and K. Ryugo. 1981. Compositional changes in the developing ‘Hayward’ kiwi fruit in California changes. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 106:73-76.
Opara, L.U. 2000. Fruit growth measurement and analysis, p. 373-431. In: J.Janick (ed.). Horticultural Reviews Vol. 24. Wiley. Oxford, UK.
Ruiz, R., A. García-Luis, C. Monerri, and J.L. Guardiola. 2001. Carbohydrate availability in relation to fruitlet abscission in Citrus. Ann. Bot. 87:805-812.
Ruiz, R., and J.L. Guardiola. 1994. Carbohydrate and mineral nutrition of orange fruitlets in relation to growth and abscission. Physiol. Plant 90:27-36.
Schaffer, B., A.W. Whiley, and C. Searle, 1999. Atmospheric CO2 enrichment, root restriction, photosynthesis, and dry-matter partitioning in subtropical and tropical fruit crops. HortScience 34:1033-1037.
Schönherr, J., P. Baur, and B.A. Uhlig. 2000. Rates of cuticular penetration of 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) as affected by adjuvants, temperature, humidity and water quality. Plant Growth Reg. 31:61-74.
Schröder, M. and F. Bangerth. 2005. The possible ´mode of action` of thinning bioregulators and its possible contribution to the understanding of ´thinningvariability` in apples. Acta Hort. 727: 437- 443.
Tromp, J. 2000. Flower-bud formation in pome fruits as affected by fruit thinning. Plant Growth Regulat. 31:27-34.
Wayne, H.L., M.Thaddeus, and D.K. John. 1990. Carbohydrate reserves, translocation, and storage in woody plant roots. Hort Science. 25:274-281.
Wolstenholme, B.N. 1990. Resource allocation and vegetative-reproductive competition: opportunities for manipulation in evergreen fruit trees. Acta Hort. 275:451-459.
Woolf, A.B., J. Clemens, and J.A. Plimmer.1995. Leaf maturity and temperature affect removal of floral buds from Camellia ethephon. J. Hort. Soc. 120:614-621.
.