臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本實驗乃利用二氧化氯（ClO2）為前氧化劑，探討其對後續混凝去除有機物成效之影響。實驗方法採用氯化鐵（FeCl3）、多元硫酸鐵（PFS）、硫酸鋁（alum）與多元氯化鋁（PAC）等四種不同混凝劑探討對鳳山生物濾床模廠出水水質之混凝成效並比較前氧化劑之加入對後續混沉之影響。就四種不同混凝劑使用於鳳山生物濾床模廠出水發現，對於有機物去除以FeCl3與PFS鐵系混凝劑較液態鋁鹽及 PAC好，鐵系混凝劑所產生Fe(OH)3分子量比Al(OH)3大，易形成較緻密之膠羽而易於沈降，因而PFS在高混凝劑時濁度殘留量最少。
對於有機物去除上，原水、生物濾床水經由ClO2前氧化混凝後，對於UV254削減乃隨氧化劑量與混凝劑量而增加，且高劑量下更明顯，但對於DOC去除則較無顯著改變，此乃顯示ClO2對大分子有機物反應機制主要是進行結構上破壞，將大分子降解成小分子，並非有機前質的礦化作用(Mineralization)，因此仍以有機碳形式存在。經由ClO2氧化前後濁度顆粒粒徑分析發現，ClO2不會改變粒徑分佈，但會使顆粒產生微膠凝作用，幫助後續混凝對顆粒之去除； ClO2可將原水0.45μm~10K分子量區間之有機物氧化成較小之1~10K分子量區間，但對生物濾床出水，則是將1~10K氧化成<1K區間。兩者經由混凝後去除對象都是以大分子為主，但對於<1K小分子去除則是相當有限。

This thesis is to study the effect of pre-oxidant, ClO2 to the removal efficiency of organic matter by coagulation/sedimentation. Four coagulants； Al(SO4)3•14H2O(alum )、Poly Aluminium Chloride（PACl）、Ferric Chloride （FeCl3）and Polyferric Sulfate（PFS）were used as coagulants to test the coagulation performance for the effluent of pilot-scale bio-filter in Feng-Shan water treatment facility. The results of jar-test shown that the organic matter removal with FeCl3 and FPS were better than that with PACl. The floc of Fe(OH)3 produced from Fe salt coagulants were more denser than from Alum salts and the low residual turbidity also observed with the high coagulant dose addition. As pre-oxidation was added, Cl2 presented the best enhancement for the turbidity removal on the following coagulation operation. There were less significant influences with application of ClO2 or KMnO4.
To the organic matter removal for raw water and bio-filter water, the combination of ClO2 pre-oxidation and alum coagulation can decrease UV254 , however did not provide significant decrease on DOC. From the result of DOC and UV254 for ClO2 was to destroy the high molecular weight matter into a low molecular weigh . With addition of ClO2, particle size distribution of water would not change by ClO2, but particle would produce micro-flocculation reaction to enhance coagulation efficiency. With the measurement of molecular weight analysis, ClO2 oxide the 0.45μm~10K organic matters into 1~10K of raw water and 1~10K into<1K of bio-filter water. Most of high molecular weight matters were removed by the coagulation.

目 錄
致謝I
中文摘要II
英文摘要III
目錄IV
表目錄VII
圖目錄VIII
第一章 前言1
1.1研究動機1
1.2研究目的2
第二章 文獻回顧3
2.1氧化劑使用之情況3
2.1.1氯（Chlorine，Cl2）3
2.1.2臭氧（Ozone，O3）3
2.1.3高錳酸鉀（Potassium Permanganate，KMnO4）5
2.1.4二氧化氯（Chlorine Dioxide，ClO2）5
2.2混凝理論10
2.2.1混凝劑13
2.2.2 其他影響因子22
2.3水中有機物來源23
2.3.1有機物偵測方式24
2.3.2有機物去除方式25
2.3.3鳳山水庫有機物分佈狀況27
2.4生物濾床前處理對混凝之效用29
第三章 研究方法31
3.1研究內容31
3.1.1不同混凝劑與氧化劑之比較31
3.1.2二氧化氯對混凝之影響比較31
3.2實驗設備與材料35
3.2.1儀器設備35
3.2.2實驗材料42
3.3生物濾床組裝設備46
第四章結果與討論49
4.1不同混凝劑與氧化劑對生物濾床水質影響50
4.1.1不同混凝劑結果比較51
4.1.2不同氧化劑之影響探討57
4.2二氧化氯預氧化對混凝成效之影響60
4.2.1氧化時間與劑量對有機物影響探討60
4.2.2氧化劑量對混凝去除有機物影響探討64
第五章結論與建議80
5.1結論80
5.2建議81
參考文獻82
附錄92

表 目 錄
表2.1 美國淨水系統應用二氧化氯的法規發展7
表2.2 混凝劑混凝特性13
表2.3 鋁鹽形成氫氧化合物的反應及其平衡常數14
表2.4 鋁鹽水解產物在不同溫度下其平衡常數23
表2.5 可溶性鋁鹽種類與正電荷關係23
表2.6 SUVA值與有機物性質分佈及混凝去除效果之關係24
表2.7不加強混凝處理後TOC去除效率要求26
表2.8不同鹼度原水pH值限制26
表2.9鳳山水庫有機物分佈狀況28
表3.1儀器設備廠牌與規格35
表3.2離子層析儀分析操作條件36
表4.1鳳山淨水廠之原水水質49
表4.2鳳山淨水廠之原水水質（續）50

圖 目 錄
圖2.1 鋁鹽混凝機制與pH、濃度關係圖15
圖2.2 膠體顆粒與混凝劑形成的去除機制18
圖2.3 鐵鹽混凝機制與pH、濃度關係圖20
圖3.1 不同混凝劑與氧化劑對混凝影響實驗流程33
圖3.2 氧化劑實驗流程之規劃34
圖3.3 紫外光分析儀37
圖3.4 TOC分析儀37
圖3.5 離子層析儀38
圖3.6 分子量分離流程圖40
圖3.7 分子量分離裝置設備圖41
圖3.8 二氧化氯產製示意圖43
圖3.9 DPD法操作流程45
圖3.10 生物濾床操作示意圖47
圖3.11 鳳山模廠生物濾床組裝照片圖48
圖4.1-1不同混凝劑量對pH影響-生物濾床水52
圖4.1-2不同混凝劑量對濁度影響-生物濾床水52
圖4.1-3不同混凝劑量對DOC去除效率-生物濾床水56
圖4.1-4不同混凝劑量之UV254殘留量-生物濾床水56
圖4.1-5不同氧化劑對DOC-生物濾床水59
圖4.1-6不同氧化劑對UV254去除效果-生物濾床水59
圖4.2-1氧化劑量與氧化時間對DOC去除-原水62
圖4.2-2氧化劑量與氧化時間對UV254去除-原水62
圖4.2-3氧化劑量與氧化時間對DOC去除-生物濾床水63
圖4.2-4氧化劑量與氧化時間對UV254去除-生物濾床水63
圖4.2-5氧化劑量與混凝劑量對DOC去除-原水65
圖4.2-6氧化劑量與混凝劑量對UV254去除-原水65
圖4.2-7氧化劑量與混凝劑量對DOC去除-生物濾床水66
圖4.2-8氧化劑量與混凝劑量對UV254去除-生物濾床水66
圖4.2-9不同水質之粒徑分佈69
圖4.2-10原水經前氧化後之粒徑分佈70
圖4.2-11生物濾床水經前氧化後之粒徑分佈70
圖4.2-12原水經不同氧化劑量與混凝後粒徑去除效果71
圖4.2-13生物濾床水經不同氧化劑量與混凝後粒徑去除效果71
圖4.2-14原水與生物濾床水分子量分佈73
圖4.2-15原水經前氧化與混凝後有機物組成分佈74
圖4.2-16生物濾床水經前氧化與混凝後有機物組成分佈74
圖4.2-17原水經前氧化與混凝後之無機性副產物生成情況76
圖4.2-18生物濾床水經前氧化與混凝後之無機性副產物生成情況76
圖4.2-19在不同pH值下，DOC去除效率- 原水78
圖4.2-20在不同pH值下，UV254去除效率- 原水78
圖4.2-21在不同pH值下，DOC去除效率- 生物濾床水79
圖4.2-22在不同pH值下，UV254去除效率- 生物濾床水79

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