臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究目的分為兩部份，第一部份為進給系統的振動特性分析，進給系統是由滾珠螺桿、線性滑軌、滾珠滑塊、滾珠軸承所構成之機構，將加速規黏貼於各部件上，以不同種轉速分析各部件的頻率組成，其實驗結果顯示低轉速(例如1000RPM以下)時滑塊的特徵頻率與其倍頻會主導機台振動；高轉速(例如1000RPM以上)為螺桿的球通頻率主導。滾珠軸承的振動量與滾珠螺桿和滾珠滑塊相對而言是很低的，且滾珠軸承的振動在健康狀況下是很難被偵測，故滾珠軸承的特徵頻率須使用適應性噪音消除(Adaptive Noise Canceling，ANC)消除螺桿的振動訊號才能偵測，但只能在高轉速下(例如1400RPM以上)才能有效消除。第二部份，利用預壓偵測技術與主成份分析(Principal components analysis，PCA)為基礎提出滾珠螺桿壽命預估之方法，並應用此方法可於工具機每日運轉時顯示其滾珠螺滾的壽命與健康狀況。

This thesis was divided into two parts. First part focuses on vibration characterizations of feed drive systems of machine tools. The feed drive system consists of ball screw, linear guideway, carriages, and ball bearing. The vibration characteristics of feed drive systems are studied with vibration measurements using accelerometers. Results show that the carriage vibration at the ball pass frequency and its multiples dominates the vibration of the feed drive system at low feed rate (e.g. under 1000 RPM). On the other hand, the ball screw vibration at its own ball pass frequency is the largest in the feed drive system at high rotation speed (e.g. over 1000 RPM). The ball bearing vibration is much small as compared to the ball screw and carriages, so it is hard to detect the bearing vibration especially when it is healthy. The ball bearing vibration can be detected using adaptive noise canceling technique in which the vibration from ball screw to the ball bearing can be reduced. Under this circumstance, the bearing vibration can be detected. However its effectiveness is limited at low feed rate (e.g. under 1400 RPM). In the second part of this thesis, a method based on techniques of ball screw preload detection and principal components analysis in predicting the ball screw remaining life is proposed. With this method, the health of ball screw and its remaining life can be monitored and predicted for machine tools in daily operations.

目 錄 I
圖目錄 III
表目錄 IV
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 前言 1
1-2 研究動機與目的 1
1-3 文獻回顧 2
1-3-1 進給系統元件運動分析 2
1-3-2 滾珠螺桿預壓力的偵測 5
1-3-3 文獻回顧總結 6
1-4 研究流程與方法 7
第二章 進給測試平台振動特性分析 9
2-1 進給系統各部件之理論特徵頻率 9
2-1-1 滾珠螺桿球通頻率 9
2-1-2 滾珠滑塊球通頻率 12
2-1-3 滾珠軸承特徵頻率 13
2-2 振動源訊號分離技術 18
第三章 進給測試平台振動特性實驗分析 21
3-1 實驗構想與設計 21
3-2 資料擷取系統與實驗平台 23
3-3 進給平台振動訊號特性分析 27
第四章 滾珠螺桿壽命預估 37
4-1 角速度馮卡曼濾波器階次追蹤法 37
4-1-1 結構方程式 37
4-1-2 資料方程式 38
4-1-3 最小平方法 38
4-2 主成份分析法 40
4-3 壽命預估判斷機制 43
4-4 應用螺桿壽命技術預估於工具機 47
第五章 結論與未來展望 53
5-1 研究結論 53
5-2 未來研究方向 55
參考文獻 58

[1]J.F. Cuttino, T.A. Dow and B.F. Knight, “Analytical and Experiment Identification of Nonlinearities in a Single-Nut, Preloaded Ball Screw,’’ ASME Journal of mechanical design, vol. 119, pp. 15-19, 1997.
[2] M.C. Lin, B. Ravani and S. Velinsky, “Kinematic of the Ball Screw Mechanism,” ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, vol. 116, pp. 849-855, 1994.
[3]M.C. Lin, B. Ravani and S. Velinsky, “Design of the Ball Screw Mechanism for Optimal Efficiency,” ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, vol. 116, pp. 856-861, 1994.
[4]魏進忠，單螺帽雙圈滾珠螺桿在預壓及潤滑作用條件下運動機制與機械性能的理論分析及實驗印證，國立成功大學機械工程研究所博士論文，2003。
[5]C.C. Wei and J.F. Lin, “Kinematic Analysis of the Ball Screw Mechanism Considering Variable Contact Angles and Elastic Deformations,” ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, vol. 125, pp. 717-733, 2003.
[6]蘇栢賢，滾珠導螺桿噪音之研究，國立清華大學動力機械工程研究所碩士論文，2005。
[7] 上銀科技，線性滑軌技術手冊，2014。
[8] 陳穎宏，線性滑軌與滾珠導螺桿之振動噪音特性研究，國立清華大學動力
機械工程研究所碩士論文，2006。
[9] 東培工業，軸承間隙與預壓技術資料，2013。
[10] B. Noda, T. Momono, “Sound and Vibration in Rolling Bearings,”Motion &
Control, NSK Ltd., No.6, pp. 29-37, 1999。
[11] 朱效賢，包絡線分析於軸承故障診斷之探討暨工程應用，國立中央大學機
械工程研究所碩士論文，2005。
[12] 曹文昌，適當本質模態函數篩選應用於滾珠軸承故障診斷，國立中央大學
機械工程所博士論文，2013。
[13] 李起榮，滾珠螺桿進給系統預壓偵測技術之研發，國立中正大學機械工
程研究所碩士論文，2013。
[14] 許夫瀚，具預壓之滾珠螺桿其振動特性之分析，國立中正大學機械工程
研究所碩士論文，2014。
[15] M.C. Pan, Y.F. Lin, “Further exploration of Vold-Kalman-filtering order tracking with shaft-speed information─I: Theoretical part, numerical implementation and parameter investigations,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 20, pp. 1134-1154, 2006.
[16] M.C. Pan, Y.F. Lin, “Further exploration of Vold-Kalman-filtering order tracking with shaft-speed information─II: Engineering applications,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 20, pp. 1410-1428, 2006.
[17] D. Antory, “Application of a Data-driven Monitoring Technique to Diagnose Air Leaks in an Automotive Diesel Engine: A case Study,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 21, pp. 795-808, 2007.
[18] P.C. Tsai, C.C. Cheng, Y.C. Hwang, “Ball Screw Preload Loss Detection Using Ball Pass Frequency,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 48, pp. 77-91, 2014.
[19] B. Widrow, J.R. Glover, J. M. Mccool, J. Kaunitz, C.S. Williams, R.H. Hearn,J.R. Zeidler, E. Dong and R.C. Goodlin, “Adaptive Noise Cancelling: Principles and Applications,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 63, NO. 12, pp. 1692-1716, 1975.
[20] M.R. Sambur, “Adaptive Noise Canceling for Speech Signals,” IEEE Transactions on acoustics, speech, and signal processing, Vol. 26, NO. 5, pp. 419-423, 1978。