臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本篇論文在彩色影像上進行人臉偵測，
藉由一個描述膚色分佈的模型，標定臉部屬於膚色的區塊，
經過合併與篩選之後，我們可以快速地找出影像中可能的臉部區域，
大幅縮小後續處理的搜尋空間。接著在臉部區域上以雙眼最大距離，
周圍亮度，眼珠近似圓形等條件來精確地標記眼睛的位置，
進而定位出臉部在影像中的位置。本文所採用的資料庫中共有151人，
每人分別就水平旋轉$0^{\circ}, m22.5^{\circ},
m45^{\circ}$等角度取五張照片，共計755張。
實驗結果雙眼定位誤差均在三個圖素內的佔67.55\%，
誤差均在五個圖素內的佔70.20\%。在AMD-K6-2
300的機器上每張圖平均處理時間為0.83秒。

We propose a method for detecting human faces in a color picture.
By applying a skin color model,
we label some rectangular regions in the picture as skin.
After merging several small skin regions and sifting the proper ones,
we can quickly locate the possible face images in a picture.
Since the skin regions are relative smaller than the original picture image,
the overall computing time can be greatly reduced.
In order to precisely locate the eye in the face image,
we use some criteria such as the distance between two eyes,
the intensity of the neighborhood and a circular pattern to locate both eyes.
Finally one can use the coordinates of both eyes to properly
extract the facial features for face recognition and/or some other applications.
We also perform some experiments on the proposed method.
Our face database contains 755 images taken from 151 persons.
Each person has five photos taken from five different angles
($0^{\circ}, m22.5^{\circ}, m45^{\circ}$)
The correction rate is 67.55\% with fault toleration smaller than 3 pixels,
and 70.20\% with fault toleration smaller than 5 pixels.
The average overall running time is 0.83 second on a AMD-K6-2 300 machine.

\chapter{緒論}
\section{前言}
\section{目前研究現況}
\section{問題描述及研究目標}
\section{章節介紹}
\chapter{色彩學簡介}
\section{人眼所見的色彩}
\section{數位影像所使用的色彩空間}
\subsection{YES 色彩空間}
\subsection{CIELAB 色彩空間}
\chapter{人臉偵測及雙眼定位演算法的設計}
\section{系統流程與架構}
\section{膚色模型的建立}
\section{膚色的判定}
\section{膚色區塊的連結}
\section{決定眼睛可能位置}
\subsection{決定眼睛位置候選人}
\subsection{從眼睛位置候選人中找出最適配對}
\section{切割臉部區域}
\chapter{演算法實作與實驗}
\section{影像資料庫}
\section{膚色資料庫}
\section{膚色區塊的標定}
\section{區塊整合與篩選}
\section{眼睛定位}
\section{實驗結果}
\section{人機介面}
\chapter{結論與未來研究方向}
\section{結論}
\section{未來研究方向}

\bibitem{CMU}
Henry A. Rowley, Shumeet Baluja, and Takeo Kanade,
"Human Face Detection in Visual Scenes,"
School Comput. Sci., Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, Tech. Rep.
CMU-CS-95-158R, 1995.
\bibitem{Japen}
Fumio Hara, Katsuaki Tanka, Hiroshi Kobayashi, and Akira Tange,
"Automatic Feature Extraction of Facial Organs and Contour,"
in Proc. of RO-MAN ''97, pp. 386-391, 1997.
\bibitem{Poggio}
Roberto Brunelli, and Tomaso Poggio,
"Face Recognition: Features versus Templates,"
in Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 15, no. 10, pp 1042-1052, 1993.
\bibitem{Ballard}
Philippe Ballard, and George C. Stockman,
"Computer Operation via Face Orientation,"
in Proc. of 11th IAPR International Conference, pp. 407-410, 1992.
\bibitem{Gaze}
Kay Talmi, and Jin Liu,
"Eye and Gaze Tracking for Visually Controlled Interactive Stereoscopic Displays,"
in Signal Processing: Image Communication 14, pp 799-810, 1999.
\bibitem{Motion}
Stephen McKenna, and ShaoGang Gong,
"Tracking Faces,"
in Proc. of the Second International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 271-276, 1996.
\bibitem{MPEG}
Hualu Wang, and Shih-Fu Chang,
"A Highly Efficient System for Automatic Face Region Detection in MPEG Video,"
in Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 615 -628, 1997.
\bibitem{Blink}
Lars-Peter Bala, Kay Talmi and Jin Liu,
"Automatic Detection and Tracking of Faces and Facial Features in Video Sequences,"
in Proc of Picture Coding Symposium ''97, Berlin Germany, 1997.
\bibitem{BHWang}
By-Her Wang, and Robert M. Gray,
"A Color Segmentation Algorithm to Annotate Fine Art Images,"
in Proc. of ISMIP ''97, pp. 232-237, Taipei, R.O.C., 1997.
\bibitem{Consumer}
Hitoshi Hongo, Akira Murata, and Kazuhiko Yamamoto,
"Consumer Products Pser Interface Using Face and Eye Orientation,"
in Proc. of ISCE ''97, pp. 87-90, 1997.
\bibitem{RitsEye}
Gang Xu, and Takeo Sugimoto,
"Rits Eye: a Software-Based System for Realtime Face Detection and Tracking Using Pan-Tilt-Zoom Controllable Camera,"
in Proc. of 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, vol. 2, pp. 1194-1197, 1998.
\bibitem{Nixon}
Mark S. Nixon, Liang S. Ng, David E. Benn, and Steve R. Gunn,
"Considerations on Extended Feature Vectors in Automatic Face Recognition,"
in Systems, Man, and Cybernetics of IEEE International Conference on Computational Cybernetics and Simulation, vol. 5, pp. 4075-4080, 1997.
\bibitem{Cohen}
Alan L. Yuille, David S. Cohen, and Peter W. Hallinan,
"Feature Extraction from Faces Using Deformable Templates,"
in Proc. of CVPR ''89, pp. 104-109, 1989.
\bibitem{Italy}
G. Marcone, G. Martinelli, and P. D''Angelo,
"Automatic Face Image Recognition: an Accurate Eye Location Procedure,"
in Proc. of 13th International Conference on DSP, vol. 2, pp. 515-519, 1997.
\bibitem{Circle}
Martin Eriksson, and Nikolaos P. Papanikolopoulos,
"Eye-tracking for Detection of Driver Fatigue,"
in Proc. of ITSC ''97, pp. 314-319, 1997.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\bibitem{book1}
Mark D. Fairchild,
"Color Appearance Models,"
Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 1998.
\bibitem{SHLin}
Shang-Hung Lin, Yin Chan, and S. Y. Kung,
"A Probabilistic Decision-Based Neural Network for Locating Deformable Objects and Its Applications to Surveillance System and Video Browsing,"
in Proc. of ICASSP ''96, pp. 3553-3556, 1996.
\bibitem{SHLin1}
Shang-Hung Lin, Sun-Yuan Kung, and Long-Ji Lin,
"Face Recognition/Detection by Probabilistic Decision-Based Neural Network,"
in Trans. on Neural Networks, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 114-132, 1997.