臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

托馬斯・科爾（Thomas Cole, 1801-1848)）是一位19世紀出生於英國的美國風景畫家，他的作品如同愛默生的詩集，挑起後世研究者無止盡的探尋。可從幾個方向來追溯科爾的繪畫生涯：他是一位將歐洲文化帶入美國的傳播者，是美國文化底蘊的開發者，也是位創新者，作為他的藝術思想和各種知識、宗教和時代下社會趨勢的世代間橋樑。在他的作品中，看到宗教、自然和藝術緊密的結合，並使用當時社會所流行的地質學知識，將風景畫提升至如同歷史畫具有道德勸說的更高層級。畫家描繪重要的宗教或是道德事件場景，使用詩意的效果讓觀者產生情感的共鳴。運用明暗對比法與戲劇性的色彩、形式幫助表達主題的呈現。
他的藝術在美國社會產生兩股新的思潮，並在1825年以後得到很大的迴響。第一，民族意識在美國自然景觀中找到根基；第二，對自然景觀的熱愛，伴隨著宗教虔敬而與日遽增。美國風景，不再是清教徒過往面對的咆嘯曠野，轉而是美國國家的重要象徵，如同經由上帝之手的啟示。自然，亦如聖經作為宗教的靈感泉源，藉著雙眼看到上帝予人的意旨。在西進運動與浪漫主義的思想下，荒野成為彰顯上帝之手的結果，新移民們按照上帝的計畫，開創新大陸的馴化景觀。這其中混和著民族主義和宗教思想，朝向歌頌荒野與破壞它的文明開拓，一種自相矛盾的情感，成為19世紀中葉之前美國的特殊文化現象。科爾在這個時代中扮演著重要的角色，與其他藝術家相比，更可在其作品中讀出深刻的時代脈動。
本文以畫家科爾的寓意性系列畫為主要材料，研究19世紀中葉之前以紐約為中心的繪畫潮流。分析討論早期美國繪畫、風景畫美學、哈德遜畫派、自然史、地質學、浪漫主義文學，致力於呈現科爾的藝術作品與思想在時代中的樣貌。文末以科爾晚年完成的系列畫－《人生旅途》作品為例，揭露畫家在信仰及人生之情感歸結，風景畫作為美國內戰前的文化符號，連結了圖像與民族情感，同時也反映出第一代移民畫家的人生歷練。

Thomas Cole (1801-1848) is an American renowned landscape painter who born in Bolton-le-Moors, Lancashire, England. By centering on the relationship of nature and human, Cole’s works leaves quite a legacy for later generations in a continuing quest. In order to take a deeper look at Cole’s career as an artist, the thesis offers several angles in highlighting the importance of Thomas Cole, including his background, his painting techniques and his belief as an artist. Thomas Cole is a cultural transmitter who introduces European culture into the United States. He also is an inventor, who incorporates religious images, nature scenery and his own unique belief in arts to his paintings. Religious images and nature landscape are two very crucial elements in his works. This is also the reason why his painting is more than just the landscape painting, but more like historical painting that withholds the messages to the viewers. To be more specific, Cole likes to portray a certain scene of a religious or moral event, in his own poetic way, by using the technique of chiaroscuro and the dramatic color and form to accentuate the theme of a painting and to intrigue viewers’ emotional bonding with his works.
Cole’s works help to inspire two ideas that have been widely accepted since 1825 in the American society. One is the collective national consciousness that finally finds its belonging in North American wilderness. Second, with his love to the landscape, and his increasing religious piety, the rural landscape of the United States, is not just the Puritans’ wilderness, but an important patriotic symbol. In his religious interpretation, nature is the inspiration and the transformation of God. In the first half of 1800s, infused by the influence of the Trail of Tears and Romanticism, people’s perception about North American landscape were more leaning to religious interpretation. People celebrated the roughness of the uncultivated rural land and destroyed the civilized construction. The contradiction of religious belief and civilization was the unique fashion at that time. And during this period, Thomas Cole was a very crucial artistic figure in portraying the then social movement with honesty.
The thesis centers on Cole’s allegorical paintings, in analyzing the trend of the mid 1800s, when New York''s cultural community was the leading trend of the whole North American artistic world. The detail analysis would cover several aspects, ranges from North American painting in early times, landscape painting, Hudson River School, geology and natural history of the United States and also romanticism literature, in order to gain a broader and deeper understanding about Cole’s works. The thesis is aiming to highlight the importance of Cole’s art pieces and his belief which both help to shape the art history of the United States.
In the final section of the thesis, the focus would be on The Voyage of Life, which is completed in the late career of Cole, aims to reveal the close connection of Cole’s religious belief and his life in this painting, proving that this painting is the best example to show the unique background of Cole as the first generation of immigrants and also to serve as a crucial cultural symbol in the history of the United States before the Civil War.

目 錄
摘要………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………ii
圖版目錄………………………………………………………………………………………………………………vi
緒論………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……1
1. 研究動機與目的……………………………………………………………………………..1
2. 文獻回顧………………………………………………………………………………...………6
3. 研究方法…………………………………………………………………………………….…14
4. 論文重點說明……………………………………………………………………………….17
第一章 時代變遷下的開創者 19
第一節 美國繪畫的溯源和流變………………………………………………………………..19
1. 美國獨立後的藝術發展………………………………….……….20
2. 風景畫與國家認同……………………………………….……….23
3. 哈德遜畫派……………………………………………….……….28
第二節 科爾早年藝術生涯中的重要歷程…………………………………33
1. 早年生活…………………………………………………………..34
2. 如畫的風景美學…………………………………………………..37
3. 赴歐學藝所得……………………………………………………..44
第二章 直觀所駕御的科學認識 50
第一節 自然史的演變………………………………………………………50
1. 19世紀美國的地質學熱潮……………………………………….51
2. 美國地質學流行的社會文化現象………………………………..54
3. 19世紀地質學與美國風景畫……………………………….……58
第二節 《帝國歷程》畫作解析……………………………….……...……61
1. 創作背景…………………………………………………………..61
2. 《帝國歷程》的作品分析………………………………………..63
第三節 《帝國歷程》系列畫中對科學的應用……………………………69
1. 科爾與地質學……………………………………………………..69
2. 科爾與贊助者……………………………………………………..72
3. 科爾繪畫中的地質學……………………………………..…….…74
第三章 浪漫風潮下的新面貌 82
第一節 科爾繪畫與文學之情感連結………………………………….…...83
1. 19世紀小說文學－以《皮裹腳故事集》為例…………………………….83
2. 自然與浪漫主義文學……………………………………………….86
第二節 《人生旅途》系列畫之解析…………………………………..……..94
1. 《人生旅途》創作背景………………………………..……………95
2. 《人生旅途》的作品分析…………………………………………..100
第三節 《人生旅途》系列畫中的文學解讀…………………………………120
結論 138
附錄 152
附錄（一）畫家年表與重大歷史事件
附錄（二）詩文－1836年科爾詩作〈聽聞里德先生的死亡〉全文
附錄（三）詩文－1840年科爾詩作〈懷裡的嬰孩〉全文
附錄（四）詩文－1844年科爾詩作〈人生旅途〉四部曲全文
參考文獻 197
圖 版 205

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