臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文之內容主要為針對可攜式電子系統所需要之直流對直流降壓轉換器做設計以及實現，其中對轉換器之控制方法包括了電壓模式與電流模式脈波寬度調變，脈波頻率調變等之做設計，非常適合用於可攜式系統上且延長儲存電源之使用時間。例如：數位相機，PDA、及手機等。廣範圍之高轉換效率、快速暫態響應、自動切換電路之控制模式為本論文之研究目標。
針對切換式降壓轉換器，為了使整體系統效率操作範圍變廣，使用了兩種控制模式將脈波寬度調變與脈波頻率調變分別應用在輕載與重載的情況。在論文裡也提出了一個新型之控制模式切換器，能有效且精確的切換至適合該負載之控制模式。在輕載時，電路中也加入了改善輕載轉換效率之電路，使電路減少在輕載時之額外的功率消耗。在電路中也加入了柔性啟動電路，避免電路之起使狀態損毀內部元件。當這兩種模式能夠適當的轉換時，其轉換效率可達90.5％。
此直流對直流電壓轉換晶片是利用台灣積體電路製造股份有限公司所提供之CMOS 0.35μm 2P4M 3.3V/5V Mixed Signal製程所設計與實現。此晶片之面積大約為1.46 1.46mm²。工作電壓的範圍為2.4至3.6伏特，最佳情況之負載穩壓與線上穩壓分別為0.034 %/A和0.032%/V，而其他最重要之特性與效能將會在論文裡各個章節中描述。

The content of this thesis is to design and realize a DC to DC buck converter. The control methods of the converter are analyzed and designed including current mode pulse width modulation, voltage mode pulse width modulation, and pulse frequency modulation. It is suitable for electronic system applications and to prolong the usage time of batteries such as digital camera, PDA, mobile phone, etc. Wide range, high conversion efficiency, fast transient response, and automatically switching of the control method are the research topics of this thesis.
For switching buck converter, in order to enhance the efficiency range of the whole system, two control methods including pulse width modulation and pulse frequency modulation are adopted for heavy load and light load condition, respectively. This thesis proposed a novel control method selector, which can effectively and accurately switch over the suitable method of the situation at that time. In light load condition, needs the technique for reducing the unnecessary power consumption to improve the conversion efficiency. Moreover, the soft start circuit is designed to eliminate the excess large current at the start up of the converter that may damage the internal devices. When the two modes are switched appropriately, the conversion efficiency could be up to 90.5%.
The DC-DC voltage converter is designed and fabricated with TSMC CMOS 0.35μm 2P4M 3.3V/5V Mixed Signal technology. The chip size is about 1.46 1.46 mm². The range of the operation voltage is form 2.4V to 3.6V.In the best case, the load regulation and line regulation are 0.034 %/A and 0.032%/V separately. The others important characteristic and performance will be described in the following chapters of thesis.

誌謝 …………………………………………………… Ⅰ
中文摘要 ……………………………………………… Ⅱ
英文摘要 ……………………………………………… Ⅲ
目錄 …………………………………………………… Ⅳ
圖目錄 ………………………………………………… Ⅹ
表目錄……………………………………………… IV

第一章 緒論
1.1 背景簡介 …………………………………………………… 1
1.2 研究動機 …………………………………………………… 3
1.3 論文組織 …………………………………………………… 7

第二章 切換式穩壓器之原理與定義
2.1 切換式穩壓器之規格 ……………………………………… 4
2.1.1 效率 …………………………………………………… 8
2.1.2 線上穩壓 ……………………………………………… 9
2.1.3 負載穩壓 ……………………………………………… 9
2.1.4 暫態響應 …………………………………………… 10
2.2 切換式穩壓器之基本架構 ………………………………… 12
2.2.1 降壓轉換器 ………………………………………… 12
2.2.2 升壓轉換器 ………………………………………… 13
2.2.3 升降壓轉換器 ……………………………………… 14
2.3 切換式穩壓器之原理與理論 ……………………………… 15
2.3.1 連續導通模式 ……………………………………… 16
2.3.2 不連續導通模式 …………………………………… 18
2.4切換式轉換器的控制方式…………………………………… 20
2.4.1 電壓模式脈波寬度調變 …………………………… 20
2.4.2 電流模式脈波寬度調變 …………………………… 21
2.4.3 脈波頻率調變 ……………………………………… 25
2.5 控制方式之比較 …………………………………………… 26
2.5.1 電流模式脈波寬度調變與電壓模式脈波寬度調變比
較 …………………………………………………… 26
2.5.2 脈波寬度調變與脈波頻率調變之比較 …………… 27

第三章 整體系統架構設計
3.1 系統方塊圖 ………………………………………………… 30
3.2電壓模式脈波寬度調變之迴路穩定性……………………… 31
3.2.1 電路架構 …………………………………………… 31
3.2.2 迴路穩定性分析 …………………………………… 32
3.2.3 電路之穩定性補償電路設計 ……………………… 35
3.3電流模式脈波寬度調變之迴路穩定性……………………… 38
3.3.1 電路架構 …………………………………………… 38
3.3.2 小訊號模型 ………………………………………… 38
3.3.3 電路之穩定性補償電路設計 ……………………… 41
3.4電流模式脈波寬度調變操作 ……………………………… 43
3.5電流模式脈波寬度調變操作 ……………………………… 44
3.6脈波頻率調變操作 ………………………………………… 45
3.7柔性啟動 …………………………………………………… 47
3.8操作模式選擇器 …………………………………………… 47

第四章 電路分析與模擬
4.1 功率級 ……………………………………………………… 49
4.2 能隙電壓參考源 …………………………………………… 50
4.3 誤差放大器 ………………………………………………… 56
4.4 緩衝放大器 ………………………………………………… 57
4.5 比較器 ……………………………………………………… 58
4.6 鋸齒波產生器 ……………………………………………… 60
4.7 電壓轉電流電路 …………………………………………… 62
4.8 柔性啟動電路 ……………………………………………… 64
4.9 電流感測電路 ……………………………………………… 65
4.10 脈波寬度調變器…………………………………………… 67
4.11 除頻器……………………………………………………… 67
4.12 取樣與保持電路…………………………………………… 69
4.13 偏壓電路…………………………………………………… 70
4.14 零電流偵測器……………………………………………… 71
4.15 操作模式選擇器…………………………………………… 72

第五章 系統模擬、實體佈局與量測
5.1電壓模式脈波寬度調變模擬………………………………… 73
5.1.1 線上穩壓 …………………………………………… 73
5.1.2 負載穩壓 …………………………………………… 74
5.2電流模式脈波寬度調變模擬………………………………… 75
5.2.1 線上穩壓 …………………………………………… 75
5.2.2 負載穩壓 …………………………………………… 75
5.3脈波頻率調變模擬…………………………………………… 76
5.3.1 線上穩壓 …………………………………………… 77
5.3.2 負載穩壓 …………………………………………… 78
5.3.3 零電流偵測器 ……………………………………… 79
5.4整體系統模擬………………………………………………… 80
5.4.1 柔性啟動 …………………………………………… 80
5.4.2 穩態輸出電壓 ……………………………………… 81
5.4.3 效率 ………………………………………………… 82
5.4.4 電路效能總表 ……………………………………… 83
5.5實體佈局與量測……………………………………………… 83
5.5.1 能隙電壓參考源 …………………………………… 83
5.5.2 系統實體電路佈局 ………………………………… 86

第六章 結論與未來展望
6.1 結論 ………………………………………………………… 88
6.2 未來展望 …………………………………………………… 88

參考文獻 ………………………………………………………… 90

[1] R. W. Erickson , D. Maksimovic, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, 2nd Ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001

[2] Neil H. E. Weste, Kamran Eshraghian., Principles of CMOS VLSI Design 2nd Ed., Addison Wesley, 1993

[3] M. Horowitz, T. Indermaur and R. Gonzafez, “Low-power digital design,” IEEE Symposium on Low Power Electronics, pp. 8-11, 1994.

[4] Marty Brown, Power Supply Cookbook, 2nd Ed, Newnes, 2001.

[5] Maxim, “Regulator Topologies for Battery-Powered Systems,” Application Note 660, Jan 31,2001.

[6] T. Ikeda, “ThinkPad Low-Power Evolution,” 1995 IEEE Symposium on Low Power Electronics, Page 6-7

[7] H. W. Whittington, B. W. Flynn, D. E. Macpherson, Switched Mode Power Supply: design and construction 2nd edition., Research Studues Press Ltd., 1997

[8] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design ,2nd Ed., New York, Wiley & Sons,1995.

[9] D. O’Sullivan, B. Spruyt, , A. Crausaz,” PWM conductance control,” IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf. Record, pp.351-359, 1988

[10] L. Dixon, ” Average current mode control of switching power supplies,” in Unitrode Power Supply Design Seminar Handbook (SEM-700), pp.5-1 to 5-14, Unitrode Corporation, MA, 1990.

[11] R. Redl, N. O. Sokal,” Current-mode control, five different types, used with the three basic classes of power converters: small-signal ac and large-signal dc characterization, stability requirements, and implementation of practical circuits,” IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf. Record, pp. 771-785, 1985.

[12] B. Carsten,” Current mode control for high frequency switch mode,” Power conversion and Intelligent Motion (PCIM), pp. 61-64, April 1986.

[13] Leung, K.K.S.; Chung, H.S.H.; Hui, S.Y.R.,”Use of state trajectory prediction in hysteresis control for achieving fast transient response of the buck converter”, Proceedings of the 2003 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 3 , pp. III-439 -III-442, May 2003

[14] C. Deisch, “Simple switching control method changes power converter into a current source,” in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., 1978, pp. 300–306.

[15] S. Hsu, A. Brown, L. Rensink, R. Middlebrook, “ Modeling and analysis of switching Dc-to-Dc converters in constant frequency current programmed mode,” in Proc.

[16] Marty Brown, Power Supply Cookbook, 2nd edition., Butterworth -Heinemann, 2001

[17] Abraham I. Pressman, Switching power supply design, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1991

[18] Wei-Lin Huang, A High-Efficiency CMOS DC-DC Switching Voltage Regulator for voltage Applications, M.S. thesis, National Cheng-Kung University, July , 2004.

[19] Ridley, R.B., “A new, continuous-time model for current-mode control,” Power Electronics, IEEE Transaction on Volume 6, Issue 2, April 1991

[20] Ridley, R.B., “A new continuous-time model for current-mode control with constant frequency, constant on-time, and constant off-time, in CCM and DCM,” Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1990 . PESC ’90 Record., 21st Annual IEEE 11-14 June 1990

[21] C. F. Lee, P. K. T. Mok, “A monolithic current-mode dc-dc converter with on-chip current-sensing technique,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 39, pp. 3-14, Jan. 2004.

[22] Dongsheng Ma, Wing-Hung Ki, Chi-Ying Tsui, P.K.T. Mok.,” Single-Inductor multiple-output switching converter with time-multiplexing control in discontinuous conduction mode,” Solid-State Circuit, IEEE Journal of volume 38, Issue 1, jan. 2003

[23] Behzad Razavi, ”Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits,” Mc Graw Hill, June 2002

[24] Sheng Jinggang, Chen Zhiliang, Shi Bingxue,” A 1V supply area effective CMOS Bandgap reference,” ASIC, 2003. Proceedings. 5th International Conference on 2003
[25] Changsik Yoo, ”A CMOS buffer without short-circuit power consumption,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems ; Analog and Digital Signal Processing, Sept. 2000

[26] Chi Yat Leung, P.K.T. Mok, Ka Nang Leung, “A 1.2V buck converter with a novel on-chip low-voltage current-sensing scheme,” Circuits and Systems, 2004. ISCAS ''04. Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Volume 5, 23-26 May 2004 Page(s):V-824 - V-827 Vol.5