臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要
本研究係探討以非色散紅外光吸收法與火焰離子化偵測法分析機動車輛廢氣中碳氫化合物之差異，研究中對四輛汽車及九輛機車廢氣，同時以GC-FID與國產EGA-200 NDIR及日產HORIBA NDIR進行檢測，根據實測結果，建立NDIR與FID之間的關係式，以便將NDIR測值還原成機動車輛所排放碳氫化合物之實際濃度值。
由於EGA-200 NDIR及HORIBA NDIR都是採用正己烷之IR濾波鏡，因此所得結果隨碳氫化合物的不同而異，偵測值為實際濃度值之四倍到五十分之一。以NDIR分析碳氫化合物所獲得的感度大小順序依次為：支鏈烷類>直鏈烷類>芳香族>酮醛>烯類。其中又以乙烯、丁烯、苯、苯乙烯等，誤差高達30∼50倍 ，顯示當機動車輛廢氣中若含有相當數量的烯類和芳香族時，以NDIR來分析將造成極大的誤差。
實驗中對四輛汽車及九輛機車廢氣同時由兩台NDIR、GC-FID、GC/MS及FTIR 分析，顯示芳香族碳氫化合物的含量高於脂肪族，採用正己烷IR吸收波峰位置之NDIR分析法，難以檢測出芳香族碳氫化合物的含量，建議加大NDIR濾光鏡之波長範圍為2857~3125 cm－1，如此方可兼測出芳香族與脂肪族碳氫化合物的濃度。
柴油車廢氣中微粒係利用微粒衝擊器收集粒徑小於10μm微粒，本實驗對三十輛柴油車在四種願轉狀態，分別在引擎0﹪、40﹪、60﹪及100 ﹪負載運轉狀態下做檢測，0﹪、60﹪及100 ﹪負載運轉狀態下，濃度高低次序為：小客貨車>大貨車>大客車，而40﹪負載運轉狀態下，濃度高低次序為：大貨車 >小客貨車>大客車。
研究中並將柴油車廢氣中各階段微粒以GC/MS做分析，同時也推估汽油車碳氫化合物年排放總量。
關鍵字：汽機車廢氣、碳氫化合物、非色散紅外線光譜法、火焰離子化法。

Abstract
This thesis is to compare NDIR with FID for the analysis of the hydrocarbons in motor vehicle exhaust. In this study, the exhaust of four automobiles and nine motorcycles were tested by GC-FID, EGA-200 NDIR, and HORIBA NDIR. The test results are cross verified to establish the relationships between NDIR and FID readings, so that the true concentrations of the hydrocarbons in vehicle exhaust can be recovered from the biased measure results.
Due to the fact that both EGA-200 NDIR and HORIBA NDIR use hexane band-pass filter, the test results vary with the differences of the hydrocarbons. The results diversify from 4 times to 1/50 of the actual concentrations. The sensibility of NDIR for each hydrocarbon is in the sequence : side chain alkyl > chain alkyl > aromatic > aldehyde and ketone > alkene. The errors appear to be serious especially in measuring ethylene, butene, benzene, and styrene, and may be up to 30 ~ 50 times of the true amounts. Therefore, it will make serious errors by using NDIR to test the vehicle exhaust when there are high concentrations of alkane and aromatic hydrocarbons.
The exhausts of the four automobiles and the nine motorcycles were analyized by using GC-FID, GC/MS, and FTIR. The results indicate that the amont of aromatic hydrocarbons is more than aliphatic hydrocarbons in the exhaust. From the results of the qualitative analysis,the two NDIRs of hexane band-pass filter are not suitable in detecting the exhaust due to the aromatic hydrocarbons are the main compositions. It is suggested to increase the wave number range of band-pass filter to 2857 ~ 3125 cm-1, so that both aromatic hydrocarbons and aliphatic hydrocarbons can be accurately detected.
A cascade impactor was used to collect the size lower than 10μm particles from the exhaust of the thirty diesel engine cars at the four operations.The four operation conditions were 0, 40, 60 and 100 ﹪engine loadings. The test results indicate that the total emission amount of PM10 for 0, 60 and 100 ﹪engine loadings all are in the sequences : small freight car > truck > bus, and for 40 ﹪engine loading is in the sequence : truck > small freight car > bus.
The composition of the particle in each particle size range wall also analyized by using a GC/MS. While, the total emission amounts of various hydrocarbons and/or PM10 for gasdine diesel engine vehicles were estimated.
Key words: Vehicle exhaust, Hydrocarbons, Non-Dispersive Infra Red, Flame Ionic Detector,

目 錄
中文摘要………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
英文摘要…………………………………………………………….…Ⅲ
目錄……………………………………………………………………Ⅴ
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………Ⅷ
表目錄………………………………………………………………ⅩⅠ
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………1
1-1 前言………………………………………………………….1
1-2 研究動機…………………………………………………….2
1-3 研究目的…………………………………………………….3
第二章 文獻回顧…………………………………………………….4
2-1 汽油及柴油中成份…………………………………………..4
2-2 汽機車廢氣成………………………………………………..7
2-3 汽機車廢氣中碳氫化合物對人體健康的危害……………..9
2-4 PAHs的種類及對人體健康的危害…………………………9
2-5 PAHs的形成機制…………………………………………..13
2-6 國內汽油車及柴油車廢氣排放標準……………………….14
第三章 實驗設備及方法………………………………………..15
3-1 汽機車廢氣…………………………………………………15
3-1-1 藥品………………………………………………………15
3-1-2 實驗設備…………………………………………………15
3-1-3 實驗架構…………………………………………………16
3-1-4 分析檢測儀之品保與品管………………………………16
3-1-5 分析檢驗儀之漂移試驗…………………………………17
3-1-6 FID與NDIR之分析儀感度比對實驗………………….17
3-1-7 FID與NDIR實際檢測機動車輛廢氣之比較………….18
3-2 柴油車廢氣中微粒………………………………………….18
3-2-1 藥品……………………………………………………….18
3-2-2 實驗設備………………………………………………….18
3-2-3 實驗架構………………………………………………….18
3-2-4 柴油車廢氣中微粒之收集……………………………….19
3-2-5 萃取……………………………………………………….20
3-2-6 淨化及濃縮……………………………………………….20
3-2-7 定性定量分析…………………………………………….21
第四章 結果與討論…………………………………………………...25
4-1-1 分析檢測儀之品保與品管…………………………..25
4-1-2 分析檢驗儀之漂移試驗……………………………..29
4-1-3 FID與NDIR對烷類氣體之檢測比對結果…………….33
4-1-4 FID與NDIR對烯類氣體之檢測比對結果……………39
4-1-5 FID與NDIR對芳香族氣體之檢測比對結果…………41
4-1-6 FID與NDIR對醛類與酮類氣體之檢測比對結果……45
4-1-7 汽機車之採樣分析結果…………………………………48
4-1-8 FID與NDIR對碳氫化合物之檢測關係式…………….82
4-1-9 推估中部地區各縣市HC年排放量…………………….86
4-2-1 柴油車各種車型廢氣中各種階段微粒濃度…………….86
4-2-2 推估中部各縣市柴油車廢氣中各階段微粒排放量……88
4-2-3 柴油車各種車型廢氣中各種階段微粒GC/MS分析結果…………………………………………………………91
第五章 結論與建議……………………………………………..112
5-1 結論……………………………………………………..112
5-2 建議……………………………………………………..117
參考文獻……………………………………………………………..119
附錄…………………………………………………………………..121

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