臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台灣五葉松(Pinus morrisonicola Hayata)為本土特有的松科植物，目前中部地區廣為栽培，幼樹常為盆栽，嫩葉可製酒及養生清涼飲料。近年來，許多研究顯示松針具有生物活性及極高的營養價值。台灣五葉松含有許多抗氧化物，如有多酚類、花青素和類黃酮等。本研究主要目的為探討台灣五葉松松針於不同萃取方法、生長季節、乾燥處理及沖泡方式的酚類化合物與抗氧化能力的變化。試驗分成三個部分：(一) 台灣五葉松松針不同萃取方法之抗氧化能力。(二) 台灣五葉松松針不同生長季節及乾燥處理之抗氧化能力。(三) 台灣五葉松松針不同沖泡方式及時間之抗氧化能力。第一部分為台灣五葉松松針經凍乾及烘乾處理後，分別以水、100 %乙酸乙酯、100 %甲醇、50 %甲醇、95 %乙醇及50 %乙醇六種溶劑萃取，探討抗氧化物質含量及抗氧化能力。另外，分別以索氏萃取法及超音波振盪萃取松針，測量抗氧化物質含量及抗氧化能力。不同萃取溶劑以50 %甲醇為最佳萃取溶劑，具有較佳之總酚類、類黃酮含量及捕捉DPPH自由基能力。100 %乙酸乙酯則具有較佳之TEAC總抗氧化能力。抑制血管收縮素轉換酶活性之凍乾處理則以50 %甲醇萃取為最佳，烘乾處理以95 %乙醇為最佳。不同萃取方法以索氏萃取法有較高之抗氧化物質含量及抗氧化能力。第二部分為將台灣五葉松松針在春季、夏季、秋季及冬季四種不同 生長季節採收，分別經凍乾及烘乾處理後，探討抗氧化物質含量及抗氧化能力。本部份試驗顯示，葉綠素含量以冬季為最高，其葉綠素a/b比值、總酚類含量、類黃酮含量、捕捉DPPH自由基能力、還原力、抗氧化性、螯合亞鐵陰離子、捕捉超氧陰離子、TEAC總抗氧化能力、香豆酸含量及表兒茶素含量則以夏季採收為最佳。抑制ACE活性以春季採收為最佳。不同乾燥處理以凍乾會顯著高於烘乾處理。第三部分為經烘乾及凍乾處理之台灣五葉松松針，分為熱泡及冷泡兩種不同沖泡方式及沖泡時間為15分鐘、1小時、3小時及8小時間之抗氧化物質含量及抗氧化能力。結果顯示葉綠素、類黃酮含量及TEAC總抗氧化能力皆以熱泡凍乾為顯著最佳。總酚類含量除了沖泡1小時之外，其他沖泡時間於不同沖泡方式下皆以熱泡烘乾為顯著最佳。捕捉DPPH自由基能力以沖泡1小時及8小時之熱泡凍乾為顯著最佳。台灣五葉松松針萃取物含有高量總酚類成分可能為其表現較高抗氧化性的原因。而松針之酚類化合物和抗氧化能力會隨著萃取方法、乾燥處理、生長季節及沖泡方式而改變。因此，所得結果可供台灣五葉松松針之利用及未來應用於健康食品上之參考，並提高其經濟價值。

Pinus morrisonicola Hayata is an indigenous pinaceae species in Taiwan. At prensent, it was widely cultivated in central region of Taiwan and saplings were potted often. Its leaves can be used for wine and healthy soft drinks making. In the recent years, many reports revealed that pine needles had biological activity and rich nutrition. The antioxidative compounds including polyphenols, anthocyanins, and flavonoids were found in P. morrisonicola Hay.The objective of this study was to evaluate the variations of antioxidative abilities and changes of phenolics of P. morrisonicola Hay. needles in accord with different extraction methods, growth seasons, drying treatments, and steeped methods. There were three sessions in this study. The first was to evaluate the effects of different extraction methods on antioxidative abilities. The second was to evaluate the effects of different growth seasons and drying treatments on antioxidative abilities. The third was to evaluate the effects of different steeped methods and time on antioxidative abilities.In the first session, when the P. morrisonicola Hay. needles were
oven-dried and lyophilized, it were subjected to extracted using six solvents namely distilled water, 100 % ethyl acetate, 100 % methanol, 50 % methanol, 95 % ethanol and 50 % ethanol. Then, the antioxidant compound contents and antioxidative abilities were investigated. Moreover, samples were extracted using soxhlet and ultrasonic extraction separately and the antioxidant compound contents and antioxidative abilities were investigated. Among the six different extraction solvents, 50 % methanol was the best extraction solvent and the extracts had higher contents of total phenols, total flavonoids, and DPPH scavenging ability. 100 % Ethyl acetate had higher trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). In lyophilization, 50% methanol extract had highest inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity. In oven-drying, ethanol had highest ACE inhibitory ability. Among different extraction methods, the soxhlet extraction had highest content of antioxidant contents and antioxidative ability.
The second session was to investigate antioxidant content and antioxidative abilities of the P. morrisonicola Hay. needles harvested in different seasons namely spring, summer, autumn, and winter, and when they were after oven-drying and lyophilization. This session demonstrated that the contents of chlorophyll in the winter needles were significantly higher than that in other seasons. The summer needles had significantly higher chlorophyll a/b ratio, contents of total phenols, total flavonoids, DPPH scavenging, reducing power, total antioxidant activities, ferrous metal chelating, superoxide anion scavenging, TEAC, contents of epicatechin, and p-coumaric acid. The spring needles had significantly higher ACE inhibitory activity. As to different drying treatments, lyophilization treatment had significantly higher antioxidative abilities than oven-drying.The third session was to investigate antioxidant content and antioxidative abilities of the oven-drying and lyophilization treated P. morrisonicola Hay. needles using hot-steeped and cold-steeped with steeped time for 15min, 1 hour, 3 hour, and 8 hour respectively. Results showed that lyophilization treated needles in hot-steeped had significantly higher chlorophyll, flavonoids contents and TEAC. The hot-steeped oven-drying treated needles had significantly higher total phenolics content in all steeping time and all different steeping methods, except when they were steeped for one hour. The lyophilization treated needles had significantly higher DPPH scavenging when they were hot-steeped for one and eight hours.The extracts of P. morrisonicola Hay. needles contain higher amount of total phenolic content and it may probably be the reason why they had higher antioxidant activity. Meanwhile, the phenolic compounds contents and antioxidative activities of needles can be varied according to extraction methods, drying treatment, growing season, and steeping methods. The results of this study can be provided as a reference for the utilization and the application on health foods, and can improve the economic values of Pinus morrisonicola Hay. needles in the future.

目錄

頁次
中文摘要…………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………Ⅲ
謝誌………………………………………………………………………Ⅵ
目錄………………………………………………………………………Ⅶ
圖表目錄…………………………………………………………….….Ⅸ
壹、前言………………………………………………………………..1
貳、前人研究…………………………………………………………..4
一、台灣五葉松松針不同萃取方法之抗氧化能力……..........4
(一) 台灣五葉松松針不同萃取溶劑之抗氧化能力...…………...4
(二) 台灣五葉松松針不同萃取方法及乾燥處理之抗氧化能力....10
二、台灣五葉松松針不同生長季節及乾燥處理之抗氧化能力.....13
(一) 台灣五葉松松針不同生長季節之抗氧化能力……………....13
(二) 台灣五葉松松針在不同生長季節及不同乾燥處理之抗氧化能力16
三、台灣五葉松松針不同沖泡方式及時間之抗氧化能力……......19
參、材料與方法………………………………………………………... 25
一、台灣五葉松松針不同萃取方法之抗氧化能力.............. 25
二、台灣五葉松松針不同生長季節及乾燥處理之抗氧化能力......29
三、台灣五葉松松針不同沖泡方式及時間之抗氧化能力…………34
肆、結果……………………………………………………………...37
一、台灣五葉松松針不同萃取方法之抗氧化能力……….........37
(一) 台灣五葉松松針不同萃取溶劑之抗氧化能力………….....…37
(二) 台灣五葉松松針不同萃取方法及乾燥處理之抗氧化能力.....46
二、台灣五葉松松針不同生長季節及乾燥處理之抗氧化能力......57
(一) 台灣五葉松松針不同生長季節之抗氧化能力…………......57
(二) 台灣五葉松松針在不同生長季節及不同乾燥處理之抗氧化能力…64
三、台灣五葉松松針不同沖泡方式及時間之抗氧化能力…………82

伍、討論………………………………………………………………91
一、台灣五葉松松針不同萃取方法之抗氧化能力………...........91
(一) 台灣五葉松松針不同萃取溶劑之抗氧化能力……………....91
(二) 台灣五葉松松針不同萃取方法及乾燥處理之抗氧化能…....94
二、台灣五葉松松針不同生長季節及乾燥處理之抗氧化能力.......98
(一) 台灣五葉松松針不同生長季節之抗氧化能力……………98
(二) 台灣五葉松松針在不同生長季節及不同乾燥處理之抗氧化能力…104
三、台灣五葉松松針不同沖泡方式及時間之抗氧化能力……......109
陸、結論………………………………………………………………....111
參考文獻………………………………………………………………....113
附錄..................................................135
作者簡介.............................................138

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