臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

腸炎弧菌為台灣地區食品中毒發生率最高的菌，自1996年新O3:K6型腸炎弧菌在印度引起大流行，引起了全世界對此菌的注意，因為在大流行前腸炎弧菌並不具有如此顯著流行特性。從霍亂弧菌研究的經驗中發現，霍亂弧菌噬菌體會藉由感染寄主時，再將毒性基因傳遞給原本不具有致病力的菌株，使之轉變成具有毒性的菌株。腸炎弧菌也可能經由噬菌體感染而獲得新的特性，導致菌株的演變，因此本篇研究針對了潛溶在新O3:K6型腸炎弧菌編號882中的多面噬菌體VP882，抽取其核酸物質並進行分析及定序，結果發現，此噬菌體核酸為一個雙股線狀的DNA物質; 整個核酸序列含有38197個鹼基對。將整個序列含有51個open reading frames (ORF) ; 以Blastn來預估其可能的蛋白質後，這51個ORF個中有25個ORF可比對出具有意義的蛋白質。這些蛋白質多數為與噬菌體結構蛋白及病毒DNA複製相關的功能蛋白;在噬菌體外殼蛋白質電泳的結果中有三條訊號，其大小為70、60 及32 kDa比對其分子量推測此三個蛋白質可能分別為所預測的ORF 8、ORF 5 及ORF 13。
除上述的ORF外，有兩個ORF所預測出的蛋白質較為特殊，不屬於噬菌體的蛋白質; ORF38 與 ParA蛋白的基因相類似，ParA蛋白主要的功能是與質體在菌體中複製功能相關。而另一個則是ORF 40其蛋白相似於霍亂弧菌的LuxR protein，過去的於弧菌有關的研究當中LuxR跟菌體發光有關，最近的研究也發現在霍亂菌中LuxR 蛋白可以調節下游許多致病性基因的表現。此外在VP882的的寄主範圍測試中，在30株受測腸炎弧菌中可感染19株；五株霍亂弧菌有四株會受到感染；而創傷弧菌則是五株中有兩株會受到感染。雖然在VP882核酸中只有一個可能為LuxR的基因與致病性有關，此病毒的寄主範圍可跨越三種不同種的弧菌的高感染性來看，此噬菌體在腸炎弧菌的演化上以及跨種的基因轉移上可能扮演了特定的角色。

Vibrio parahaemolyticus causes the most of the food poisoning cases in Taiwan. In 1996, a new O3:K6 serovar became widespread in India and caused pandemic spreading throughout the world. Before the occurring of this new O3:K6 strain, V. parahaemolyticus had not caused pandemics. From the study of V. cholerae bacteriophages, it is known that bacteriophages can transfer virulence genes to non-pathogenic strains and make them pathogenic. Bacteriophage in V. parahaemolyticus may also be important in the virulence and other phenotypic changes. This study analyzed the bacteriophage VP882 which lysogenized in new O3:K6 V. parahaemolyticus 882. We extracted its nucleic acid, sequenced and analyzed the genome. The results showed the nucleic acid of this phage to be a double stranded linear form DNA. The DNA sequence of this phage consisted of 38,197 base pairs with 51 putative open reading frames (ORF). Functions could be assigned to 25 putative gene products, based upon bioinformatic analysis. The VP882 genome was organized in a modular format and included modules for replication, DNA packaging, and structural proteins, but lacked the modules for lysogeny and host cell lysis. The SDS-PAGE analysis of the phage structure protein showed that there were three protein bands, namely, 70, 60 and 32 kDa, probably the gene products of ORF 8, ORF 5 and ORF 13, respectively.
There were two special proteins predicted not belong to phage proteins. The predicted protein of ORF40 was homologous to the LuxR protein of V. parahaemolyticus. LuxR is related to fluorescence in Vibrio strains. Recent research also found that LuxR could affect the expression of virulence genes. ORF 38 was a ParA protein which involves in vector replication. In assaying the host range, 19 of 30 V. parahaemolyticus strains, four of five V. cholerae strains and two of five V. vulnificus strains were susceptible to the lysis of VP882. The VP882 may be important in the regulation of virulence genes and in the intra- and interspecific horizontal gene transfer influencing the evolution of vibrios.

目 錄
目錄..................................................................................................Ⅰ
圖表目錄....................................................................................................................Ⅳ
中文摘要....................................................................................................................Ⅴ
英文摘要....................................................................................................................Ⅶ
壹、緒論…………………………………………………………………………….1

一、腸炎弧菌的特性……………………………………………………3
分佈狀況..........................……………………………………………3
生長條件……………….…………………………………………………….4
抗原性…….……….………………………………………………..6
致病情形………….………………………………………………..7
致病因子….……………………………………………………….7
致病菌株之偵測…….………………………………………….....12
預防及治療…………………………………………………………14
二、噬菌體對於細菌的影響……………………………………15
霍亂弧菌噬菌體的研究.........……………………………………16
腸炎弧菌噬菌體的研究.............................................19
貳、研究目的與實驗設計........................................................................................23
參、材料與方法.........................................................................................................24
菌株..........................................................................................................24
藥品與器材..............................................................................................25
培養基成分..............................................................................................29





緩衝溶液配方..........................................................................................32
其他藥品..................................................................................................36
實驗條件與步驟........................................................................................38
腸炎弧菌噬菌體VP882的分離...........................................................38
噬菌體的誘導……………..………..………………………………38
噬菌體DNA的萃取（傳統方法）..................................................39
噬菌體DNA的萃取（管柱純化法）………………………...…...39
洋菜膠體電泳....................................................................................40
DNA核酸定序................................................................................40
腸炎弧菌噬菌體DNA限制酶切點分析..........................................42
噬菌體核酸序列分析........................................................................43
萃取噬菌體外殼蛋白……………………..…………………….….43

病毒濃度的測定................................................................…………44
腸炎弧菌噬菌體外殼蛋白的電泳分析 ..................………………44
SDS-PAGE…..………………………………..…..……………...44
Silver stain………………….…….……………………………...45
VP882溶菌斑測試…………….…………………………………...45
肆、結果………..……………………………………………………………………46
VP882噬菌體的分離……………………………………………………….46
VP882核酸物質的萃取與電泳分析……………...……………………….46
VP882的核酸定序……….………………………...………………………47
以限制酶確認VP882的核酸序列………............….………………………48
VP882DNA序列比對…………………………...…………………………48
VP882蛋白質電泳………….………………………………………………49
VP882的寄主範圍....................………………….…………………………50
伍、討論……………………………………………………………………………51
陸、參考文獻............................................................................................................58
圖表...........................................................................................................................69
附錄…………………………………………………………………………………82

陸、參考文獻

陳紀先（2003）. 新O3:K6腸炎弧菌致病因子之研究。 東吳大學微生物學系碩士論文。台北。.

藍世峰（2004）. 定序並分析潛溶於腸炎弧菌中的噬菌體。 東吳大學微生物學系碩士論文。台北。

Albert, M. J., Bhuiyan, N. A., Rahman, A., Ghosh, A. N., Hultenby, K., Weintraub, A., Nahar, S., Kibriya, A. K., Ansaruzzaman, M., and Shimada, T. (1996). Phage specific for Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34, 1843-1845.
Almeida, R. J., Cameron, D. N., Cook, W. L., and Wachsmuth, I. K. (1992). Vibriophage VcA-3 as an epidemic strain marker for the U.S. Gulf Coast Vibrio cholerae O1 clone. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30, 300-304.
Baba, K., Shirai, H., Terai, A., Takeda, Y., and Nishibuchi, M. (1991). Analysis of the tdh gene cloned from a tdh gene- and trh gene-positive strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microbiol. Immunol. 35, 253-258.
Baross, J. A., Liston, J., and Morita, R. Y. (1978). Ecological relationship between Vibrio parahaemolyticus and agar-digesting vibrios as evidenced by bacteriophage susceptibility patterns. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36, 500-505.
Basu, A., Mukhopadhyay, A. K., Garg, P., Chakraborty, S., Ramamurthy, T., Yamasaki,S., Takeda,Y., and Nair,G.B. (2000). Diversity in the arrangement of the CTX prophages in classical strains of Vibrio cholerae O1. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 182, 35-40.
Bonet, R., Simon-Pujol, M. D., and Congregado, F. (1993). Effects of nutrients on exopolysaccharide production and surface properties of Aeromonas salmonicida. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 2437-2441.
Boyd, E. F., Moyer, K. E., Shi, L., and Waldor, M. K. (2000). Infectious CTXPhi and the vibrio pathogenicity island prophage in Vibrio mimicus: evidence for recent horizontal transfer between V. mimicus and V. cholerae. Infect. Immun. 68, 1507-1513.
Boyd, E. F. and Waldor, M. K. (1999). Alternative mechanism of cholera toxin acquisition by Vibrio cholerae: generalized transduction of CTXPhi by bacteriophage CP-T1. Infect. Immun. 67, 5898-5905.
Brown, D. F., Spaulding, P. L., and Twedt, R. M. (1977). Enteropathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the ligated rabbit ileum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33, 10-14.
Carruthers, M. M. (1975). Cytotoxicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in HeLa cell culture. J. Infect. Dis. 132, 555-560.
Catalano, C. E. (2000). The terminase enzyme from bacteriophage lambda: a DNA-packaging machine. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 57, 128-148.
Chang, B., Taniguchi, H., Miyamoto, H., and Yoshida, S. (1998). Filamentous bacteriophages of Vibrio parahaemolyticus as a possible clue to genetic transmission. J. Bacteriol. 180, 5094-5101.
Chang, B., Yoshida, S., Miyamoto, H., Ogawa, M., Horikawa, K., Ogata, K., Nishibuchi, M., and Taniguchi, H. (2000). A unique and common restriction fragment pattern of the nucleotide sequences homologous to the genome of vf33, a filamentous bacteriophage, in pandemic strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 O4:K68, and O1:K untypeable. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 192, 231-236.
Chen, C., Y., Wu, K., M., Chang, Y.,C., Chang, C., H., Tsai, H., C., Liao, T., L., Liu, Y., M., Chen H., J. (2003). Comparative genome analysis of Vibrio vulnificus, a marine pathogen. Genome Research 13:2577-2587
Chiou, C. S., Hsu, S. Y., Chiu, S. I., Wang, T. K., and Chao, C. S. (2000). Vibrio parahaemolyticus serovar O3:K6 as cause of unusually high incidence of food-borne disease outbreaks in Taiwan from 1996 to 1999. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 4621-4625.
Choi, S. H. and Greenberg, E. P. (1991). The C-terminal region of the Vibrio fischeri LuxR protein contains an inducer-independent lux gene activating domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 88, 11115-11119.
Coetzee, J. N., Bradley, D. E., Du, T. L., and Hedges, R. W. (1988). Bacteriophage X-2: a filamentous phage lysing IncX-plasmid-harbouring bacterial strains. J. Gen. Microbiol. 134, 2535-2541.
Dai, J. H., Lee, Y. S., and Wong, H. C. (1992). Effects of iron limitation on production of a siderophore, outer membrane proteins, and hemolysin and on hydrophobicity, cell adherence, and lethality for mice of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infect. Immun. 60, 2952-2956.
Davis, M. A., Radnedge, L., Martin, K. A., Hayes, F., Youngren, B., and Austin, S. J. (1996). The P1 ParA protein and its ATPase activity play a direct role in the segregation of plasmid copies to daughter cells. Mol. Microbiol. 21, 1029-1036.
DePaola, A., Kaysner, C.A., Bowers, J., and Cook, D. W. (2000). Environmental investigations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters after outbreaks in Washington, Texas, and New York (1997 and 1998). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 4649-4654.
Droge, A., Santos, M. A., Stiege, A. C., Alonso, J. C., Lurz, R., Trautner, T. A., and Tavares, P. (2000). Shape and DNA packaging activity of bacteriophage SPP1 procapsid: protein components and interactions during assembly. J. Mol. Biol. 296, 117-132.
Ehara, M., Shimodori, S., Kojima, F., Ichinose, Y., Hirayama, T., Albert, M. J., Supawat, K., Honma, Y., Iwanaga, M., and Amako, K. (1997). Characterization of filamentous phages of Vibrio cholerae O139 and O1. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 154, 293-301.
Faruque, S. M., Asadulghani, Alim, A. R., Albert, M. J., Islam, K. M., and Mekalanos, J. J. (1998a). Induction of the lysogenic phage encoding cholera toxin in naturally occurring strains of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139. Infect. Immun. 66,3752-3757.
Faruque, S. M., Asadulghani, Rahman, M. M., Waldor, M. K., and Sack, D. A. (2000). Sunlight-induced propagation of the lysogenic phage encoding cholera toxin. Infect. Immun. 68, 4795-4801.
Faruque, S. M., Asadulghani, Saha, M. N., Alim, A. R., Albert, M. J., Islam, K. M., and Mekalanos, J. J. (1998b). Analysis of clinical and environmental strains of nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae for susceptibility to CTXPhi: molecular basis for origination of new strains with epidemic potential. Infect. Immun. 66, 5819-5825.
Faruque, S. M., Rahman, M. M., Asadulghani, Nasirul Islam, K. M., and Mekalanos, J. J. (1999). Lysogenic conversion of environmental Vibrio mimicus strains by CTXPhi. Infect. Immun. 67, 5723-5729.
Gingras, S. P. and Howard, L. V. (1980). Adherence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus to human epithelial cell lines. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39, 369-371.
Govind, R., Fralick, J. A., and Rolfe, R. D. (2006). Genomic organization and molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile bacteriophage PhiCD119. J. Bacteriol. 188, 2568-2577.
Hackney, C. R., Kleeman, E. G., Ray, B., and Speck, M. L. (1980). Adherence as a method of differentiating virulent and avirulent strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40, 652-658.
Hammer, B. K. and Bassler, B. L. (2003). Quorum sensing controls biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae. Mol. Microbiol. 50, 101-104.
Hill, D. F., Short, N. J., Perham, R. N., and Petersen, G. B. (1991). DNA sequence of the filamentous bacteriophage Pf1. J. Mol. Biol. 218, 349-364.
Honda, T., bad-Lapuebla, M. A., Ni, Y. X., Yamamoto, K., and Miwatani, T. (1991). Characterization of a new thermostable direct haemolysin produced by a Kanagawa-phenomenon-negative clinical isolate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137, 253-259.
Honda, T., Ni, Y. X., Hata, A., Yoh, M., Miwatani, T., Okamoto, T., Goshima, K., Takakura, H., Tsunasawa, S., and Sakiyama, F. (1990). Properties of a hemolysin related to the thermostable direct hemolysin produced by a Kanagawa phenomenon negative, clinical isolate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Can. J. Microbiol. 36, 395-399.
Honda, T., Ni, Y. X., and Miwatani, T. (1988). Purification and characterization of a hemolysin produced by a clinical isolate of Kanagawa phenomenon-negative Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related to the thermostable direct hemolysin. Infect. Immun. 56, 961-965.
Iguchi, T., Kondo, S., and Hisatsune, K. (1995). Vibrio parahaemolyticus O serotypes from O1 to O13 all produce R-type lipopolysaccharide: SDS-PAGE and compositional sugar analysis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 130, 287-292.
Iida, T., Hattori, A., Tagomori, K., Nasu, H., Naim, R., and Honda, T. (2001). Filamentous phage associated with recent pandemic strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7, 477-478.
Ikema, M. and Honma, Y. (1998). A novel filamentous phage, fs-2, of Vibrio cholerae O139. Microbiology 144 ( Pt 7), 1901-1906.
Inoue, T., Matsuzaki, S., and Tanaka, S. (1995). Cloning and sequence analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus ompK gene encoding a 26-kDa outer membrane protein, OmpK, that serves as receptor for a broad-host-range vibriophage, KVP40. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 134, 245-249.
Jay, J. M. (1980). Modern food microbiology.D. Van Nostrand Co. New York.
Johnson, D. E., Weinberg, L., Ciarkowski, J., West, P., and Colwell, R. R. (1984). Wound infection caused by Kanagawa-negative Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 20, 811-812.
Jouravleva, E. A., McDonald, G. A., Garon, C. F., Boesman-Finkelstein, M., and Finkelstein, R. A. (1998). Characterization and possible functions of a new filamentous bacteriophage from Vibrio cholerae O139. Microbiology 144 ( Pt 2), 315-324.
Kaneko, T. and Colwell, R. R. (1975). Adsorption of Vibrio parahaemolyticus onto chitin and copepods. Appl. Microbiol. 29, 269-274.
Kaper, J. B., Campen, R. K., Seidler, R. J., Baldini, M. M., and Falkow, S. (1984). Cloning of the thermostable direct or Kanagawa phenomenon-associated hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infect. Immun. 45, 290-292.
Kar, S., Ghosh, R. K., Ghosh, A. N., and Ghosh, A. (1996). Integration of the DNA of a novel filamentous bacteriophage VSK from Vibrio cholerae 0139 into the host chromosomal DNA. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 145, 17-22.
Kaysner, C. A., Abeyta, C., Jr., Trost, P. A., Wetherington, J. H., Jinneman, K. C., Hill, W. E., and Wekell, M. M. (1994). Urea hydrolysis can predict the potential pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated in the Pacific Northwest. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 3020-3022.
Kelly, M. T. and Stroh, E. M. (1989). Urease-positive, Kanagawa-negative Vibrio parahaemolyticus from patients and the environment in the Pacific Northwest. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27, 2820-2822.
Kimsey, H. H. and Waldor, M. K. (1998). Vibrio cholerae hemagglutinin/protease inactivates CTXphi. Infect. Immun. 66, 4025-4029.
Koga, T. and Kawata, T. (1981). Structure of a novel bacteriophage VP3 for Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microbiol. Immunol. 25, 737-740.
Koga, T. and Kawata, T. (1991). Comparative characterization of inducible and virulent Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteriophages having unique head projections. Microbiol. Immunol. 35, 49-58.
Koga, T. and Takumi, K. (1995). Nutrient starvation induces cross protection against heat, osmotic, or H2O2 challenge in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microbiol. Immunol. 39, 213-215.
Koga, T., Toyoshima, S., and Kawata, T. (1982). Morphological varieties and host ranges of Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteriophages isolated from seawater. Appl.Environ. Microbiol. 44, 466-470.
Lee, C. Y., Pan, S. F., and Chen, C. H. (1995). Sequence of a cloned pR72H fragment and its use for detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish with the PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 1311-1317.
Marinus, M. G. (1996). Methylation of DNA, p. 697-702. In F. C. Neidhard, R. Curtiss Ⅲ, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed., vol. 1. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
Matsuzaki, S., Inoue, T., Tanaka, S., Koga, T., Kuroda, M., Kimura, S., and Imai, S. (2000). Characterization of a novel Vibrio parahaemolyticus phage, KVP241, and its relatives frequently isolated from seawater. Microbiol. Immunol. 44, 953-956.
Matsuzaki, S., Tanaka, S., Koga, T., and Kawata, T. (1992). A broad-host-range vibriophage, KVP40, isolated from sea water. Microbiol. Immunol. 36, 93-97.
McCarter, L. L. and Wright, M. E. (1993). Identification of genes encoding components of the swarmer cell flagellar motor and propeller and a sigma factor controlling differentiation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J. Bacteriol. 175, 3361-3371.
Merrell, B. R., Walker, R. I., and Joseph, S. W. (1984). In vitro and in vivo pathologic effects of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on human epithelial cells. Can. J. Microbiol. 30, 381-388.
Mitra, S. N., Kar, S., Ghosh, R. K., Pajni, S., and Ghosh, A. (1995). Presence of lysogenic phage in the outbreak strains of Vibrio cholerae O139. J. Med. Microbiol. 42, 399-403.
Morrison, D. C. and Ulevitch, R. J. (1978). The effects of bacterial endotoxins on host mediation systems. A review. Am. J. Pathol. 93, 526-617.
Muntada-Garriga, J. M., Rodriguez-Jerez, J. J., Lopez-Sabater, E. I., and Mora-Ventura, M. T. (1995). Effect of chill and freezing temperatures on survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus inoculated in homogenates of oyster meat. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 20, 225-227.
Nagayama, K., Oguchi, T., Arita, M., and Honda, T. (1994). Correlation between cell-associated mannose-sensitive hemagglutination by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and adherence to a human colonic cell line Caco-2. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 120, 207-210.
Nagayama, K., Yamamoto, K., Mitawani, T., and Honda, T. (1995). Characterisation of a haemolysin related to Vp-TDH produced by a Kanagawa phenomenon-negative clinical isolate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J. Med. Microbiol. 42, 83-90.
Nakasone, N. and Iwanaga, M. (1990). Pili of a Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain as a possible colonization factor. Infect. Immun. 58, 61-69.
Nasu, H., Iida, T., Sugahara, T., Yamaichi, Y., Park, K. S., Yokoyama, K., Makino, K., Shinagawa, H., and Honda, T. (2000). A filamentous phage associated with recent pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 2156-2161.
Nishibuchi, M., Fasano, A., Russell, R. G., and Kaper, J. B. (1992). Enterotoxigenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with and without genes encoding thermostable direct hemolysin. Infect. Immun. 60, 3539-3545.
Nishibuchi, M. and Kaper, J. B. (1990). Duplication and variation of the thermostable direct haemolysin (tdh) gene in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Mol. Microbiol. 4, 87-99.
Nishibuchi, M. and Kaper, J. B. (1995). Thermostable direct hemolysin gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a virulence gene acquired by a marine bacterium. Infect. Immun. 63, 2093-2099.
Nishibuchi, M., Kumagai, K., and Kaper, J .B. (1991). Contribution of the tdh1 gene of Kanagawa phenomenon-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus to production of extracellular thermostable direct hemolysin. Microb. Pathog. 11, 453-460.
Nishibuchi, M., Taniguchi, T., Misawa, T., Khaeomanee-Iam, V., Honda, T., and Miwatani, T. (1989). Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene (trh) encoding the hemolysin related to the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infect. Immun. 57, 2691-2697.
Novick, R. P. (1999). in Cell-Cell Signaling in Bacteria, eds. Dunny, G. M. & Winans, S. C. (Am. Soc. Microbiol. Press, Washington, DC), pp. 129-146.
O'Brien, A. D., Chen, M. E., Holmes, R. K., Kaper, J., and Levine, M. M. (1984). Environmental and human isolates of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus produce a Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga)-like cytotoxin. Lancet 1, 77-78.
Oakey, H. J., Cullen, B. R., and Owens, L. (2002). The complete nucleotide sequence of the Vibrio harveyi bacteriophage VHML. J. Appl. Microbiol. 93, 1089-1098.
Ohnishi, T. and Nozu, K. (1986). Induction of phage-like particles from a pathogenic strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by mitomycin C. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 141, 1249-1253.
Pajni, S., Chowdhury, N .R., Ghosh, A., Kar, S., and Ghosh, R. K. (1995). Characterization of phage phi O139, a Vibrio cholerae O139 temperate bacteriophage with cohesive DNA termini. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 131, 69-74.
Pesci, E. C., Milbank, J. B., Pearson, J. P., McKnight, S., Kende, A. S., Greenberg, E. P., and Iglewski, B. H. (1999). Quinolone signaling in the cell-to-cell communication system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 96, 11229-11234.
Reidl, J. and Mekalanos, J. J. (1995). Characterization of Vibrio cholerae bacteriophage K139 and use of a novel mini-transposon to identify a phage-encoded virulence factor. Mol. Microbiol. 18, 685-701.
Rentas, F. J. and Rao, V. B. (2003). Defining the bacteriophage T4 DNA packaging machine: evidence for a C-terminal DNA cleavage domain in the large terminase/packaging protein gp17. J. Mol. Biol. 334, 37-52.
Reyes, A. L., Crawford, R. G., Spaulding, P .L., Peeler, J. T., and Twedt, R. M. (1983). Hemagglutination and adhesiveness of epidemiologically distinct strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infect. Immun. 39, 721-725.
Sakazaki, R., Tamura, K., Kato, T., Obara, Y., and Yamai, S. (1968). Studies on the enteropathogenic, facultatively halophilic bacterium, Vibrio parahaemolyticus. 3. Enteropathogenicity. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 21, 325-331.
Sanyal, S. C., Sen, P. C. (1974). Human volunteer study on the pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, p.227-235. In T. Fujino, G. Sakaguchi, R.Sslazaki, and Y.Takeda. (ed.), International symposium on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Saiko Publ. Co., Tokyo.
Sarkar, B. L., Kumar, R., De, S. P., and Pal, S. C. (1987a). Observation on a 65-kilodalton protein isolated from kanagawa positive strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Can. J. Microbiol. 33, 1113-1116.
Sarkar, B. L., Kumar, R., De, S. P., and Pal, S. C. (1987b). Hemolytic activity of and lethal toxin production by environmental strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53, 2696-2698.
Seguritan, V., Feng, I. W., Rohwer, F., Swift, M., and Segall, A. M. (2003). Genome sequences of two closely related Vibrio parahaemolyticus phages, VP16T and VP16C. J. Bacteriol. 185, 6434-6447.
Smirnova, N. I., Chekhovskaya, G V., Davidova, N. I., Livanova, L. F., and Yeroshenko, G. A. (1996). Virulence-associated characteristics and phage lysogenicity of two morphologically distinct colonies of Vibrio cholerae O139 serogroup. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 136, 175-180.
Stevens, A. M. and Greenberg, E. P. (1997). Quorum sensing in Vibrio fischeri: essential elements for activation of the luminescence genes. J. Bacteriol. 179, 557-562.
Suthienkul, O., Ishibashi, M., Iida, T., Nettip, N., Supavej, S., Eampokalap, B., Makino, M., and Honda, T. (1995). Urease production correlates with possession of the trh gene in Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated in Thailand. J. Infect. Dis. 172, 1405-1408.
Takeda, Y. (1983). Thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Pharmac. Ther. 19, 123-146
Talledo, M., Rivera, I. N., Lipp, E. K., Neale, A., Karaolis, D., Huq, A., and Colwell, R. R. (2003). Characterization of a Vibrio cholerae phage isolated from the coastal water of Peru. Environ. Microbiol. 5, 350-354.
Taniguchi, H., Sato, K., Ogawa, M., Udou, T., and Mizuguchi, Y. (1984). Isolation and characterization of a filamentous phage, Vf33, specific for Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microbiol. Immunol. 28, 327-337.
Wagner, P. L. and Waldor, M. K. (2002). Bacteriophage control of bacterial virulence. Infect. Immun. 70, 3985-3993.
Waldor, M. K. and Mekalanos, J. J. (1996). Lysogenic conversion by a filamentous phage encoding cholera toxin. Science 272, 1910-1914.
Wong, H. C., Liu, S. H., Ku, L. W., Lee, I. Y., Wang, T. K., Lee, Y. S., Lee, C. L., Kuo, L. P., and Shih, D. Y. (2000). Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates obtained from foodborne illness outbreaks during 1992 through 1995 in Taiwan. J. Food Prot. 63, 900-906.
Yamamoto, T. and Yokota, T. (1989). Adherence targets of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in human small intestines. Infect. Immun. 57, 2410-2419.
Yoh, M., Honda, T., and Miwatani, T. (1986). Purification and partial characterization of a non-O1 Vibrio cholerae hemolysin that cross-reacts with thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infect. Immun. 52, 319-322.
Young, R. and Blasi, U. (1995). Holins: form and function in bacteriophage lysis. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 17, 191-205.
Zhu, J., Miller, M. B., Vance, R. E., Dziejman, M., Bassler, B. L., and Mekalanos, J. J. (2002). Quorum-sensing regulators control virulence gene expression in Vibrio cholerae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 99, 3129-3134.
Zimmer, M., Scherer, S., and Loessner, M. J. (2002). Genomic analysis of Clostridium perfringens bacteriophage phi3626, which integrates into guaA and possibly affects sporulation. J. Bacteriol. 184, 4359-4368.