臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文主要探討NACA0012型機翼的氣動力分析，而論文主要分成三大部份來討論，第一部分，先討論模擬軟體在動態失速中，三種不同的紊流模型與實驗值數據做比較，且挑選出其最佳的紊流模型，方便往後針對NACA00112型機翼作動態失速紊流模型的挑選。再來討論動態失速中的輕失速與深失速的力源分析，其主要的目的在於將動態失速的升、阻力係數值分成各四種元素力源項來分析，並且將升、阻力係數轉換成流場圖像可視化，來進一步了解動態失速的升、阻力係數值在流場上的分佈。第二部份，主要探討將NACA0012型機翼改變成可撓翼的形式，探討可撓翼的推力機制，並做力源分析，且依照三種不同擺動頻率討論頻率與推進效率的關係。第三部份，主要討論三維拍撲翼做簡單的拍撲運動來分析其中的氣動力，依據模擬出來的升、阻力係數值、速度、壓力、渦度圖來分析之。

This study investigates the aerodynamics of moving NACA0012 airfoils and wings. The thesis is divided into three parts. First of all, we discuss the the dynamic stall phenomena of oscillating NACA0012 airfoils. To evaluate turbulence effects, three different turbulence models are chosen and compared with the experimental data. The suitable turbulence models are suggested in our studies. In addition, the Force Element Method is applied to evaluate the aerodynamic forces evolutions during the process of unsteady light dynamic stall and deep stall phenomena when the airfoils are oscillating. From the force decomposition analysis, the lift and drag can be categorized into the four elements based on the vortices distributions due to the effects of rotation, viscosity of the moving airfoils. The increase of lift and drag can be achieved further understanding from the current works. Secondly, the influences on the aerodynamics of a flexible NACA0012 airfoil and the related thrust performance are also investigated. The increased power due to flexibility is also analyzed by The Force Element Method. Finally, the current numerical approach is applied on the simulation of flows over a pair of three-dimensional flapping wing. A preliminary prediction of the lift and drag coefficient is performed for the future works of three-dimensional insect-like vehicles.

摘要……………………………………………………………………………………….…i
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………...…………….………...ii
誌謝………………………………………………………………………...………………iii
目錄…………………………………………………………………………...……………iv
表目錄……………………………………………………………..………...…………………………..…...v
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………………….....................................…vi
符號說明………………………………………….…………………………...……………………......…viii
第一章 緒論………………………………………………………………………………..1
1.1 前言…………………………………………………………………………….....1
1.2 研究動機………………………………………………………………………….2
1.3 文獻回顧………………………………………………………………………….2
1.4 失速介紹………………………………………………………………………….4
1.5 生物拍撲介紹…………………………………………………………………….5
1.5.1鳥類的飛行機制…………………………………………………………….5
1.5.2昆蟲的飛行機制………………………………………………………..…...5
第二章 數值模式………………………………………………………………………..…6
2.1 統域方程式…………………………………………………………………..…...6
2.2 計算數值方法………………………………………………………………..…...6
2.3 力源理論………………………………………..………………………………...7
2.4 網格測試……………………………………………………………………..…...9
第三章 數值結果…………………………………………………………………………11
3.1 紊流模式之比較……………………………………………………...…………11
3.2輕失速與深失速之力源分析……………………………………………...…….20
3.2.1輕失速力源分析之結果與討論……………………………………...……21
3.2.2 深失速力源分析之結果與討論………………………………………..…28
3.3可撓翼擺動之分析……………………………………………………...……….40
3.3.2可撓翼擺動之力源分析……………………………………………...……42
3.3.3可撓翼三種不同頻率擺動之推力比較………………………………...…53
3.4三維拍撲翼氣動力的初步模擬分析………………………………………...….55
第四章 總結………………………………………………………………………...…….73
參考文獻………………………………………………………………………………......74

[1]. Ham, N.D., “Aerodynamic loading on a Two-Dimensional Airfoil during Dynamic Stall,” AIAA Journal,10,1927-1934 ,1968.
[2]. McCroskey, W.J., Carr, L.W. and McAlister, K.W.,"Dynamical Stall Experiments on Oscillating Airfoil", AIAA Journal, 14, 57., 1976.
[3]. Metha, U.B., "Dynamical Stall of oscillating Airfoil." AGARD paper 23, 1977.
[4]. Ono, k., Kuwahara,k., and Oshima, K., "Numerical Analysis of Dynamic Stall Phenomena of an Oscillating Airfoil by the Discrete Vortex Approximation." Proceeding of 7th ICNMFD, New York., 1981.
[5]. Tassa, Y. and Sankar, N.L., "Dynamic stall of NACA0012 Airfoil." AIAA Paper 81, 1289, 1981.
[6]. McCroskey W.J. and Pucci S.L ,” Viscous-Inciscid Interaction on Oscillating Airfoils ”,AIAA-81-0051,1981.
[7]. Francisc, M.S. and Keesee, J.E.,"Airfoil dynamic stall performance with large-amplitude motions ", AIAA Journal, 23, No.11., 1985 .
[8]. Srinvasan, G.R., Ekaterinaris, J.A. and McCroskey, W.J., "Dynamic Stall of An Oscillating Wing Part:1 Evalution of Turbulience Models." AIAA-93-3403., 1993.
[9]. Ekaterinaris J.A. and Menter F.R. , "Compuation of oscillating airfoil flow with one-and two-equation turbulence model ", AIAA ,Vol.32,NO.12,1994.
[10]. Lee, T. & Basu, S. “Measurement of unsteady boundary layer developed on an oscillating airfoil using multiple hot-film sensors .” Exps. Fluids 25, 108–117, 1998.
[11]. Karman, Th. von, Uber den Mechanismus des Widerstandes,den ein bewegter Korper in einer Flusigkeit erfarhrt, Gottingen Nachrichten mathematiche -physicalische Klasse 509-517,1911.
[12]. Garrick, I.E. ,”Propulsion of flapping and oscillating airfoil,” NACA, Reprot567, 1936.
[13]. Lighthill, M. J. ,”Large-amplitude elongated-body theory of fish locomotion. Proc.” R. Soc. Lond. B 179, 125–132, 1971.
[14]. Wassersug, R. and Hoff, K.,”The kinematics of swimming in anuran larvae.” J. exp. Biol. 119, 1–30, 1985.
[15]. Ellington, C.P., Berg, C.V.D., Willmott, A.P. and Thomas, A.L.R., ”Leading-edge vortices in insect flight,” Nature, Vol.384, pp.626-630, 1996.
[16]. Liu, H. K., Wassersug, R. J. AND Kawachi, K. ,“A computational fluid dynamics study of tadpole swimming.” J. exp. Biol. 199, 1245–1260, 1996.
[17]. Dickinson, M.H., Lehmann, F.O. and Sane, S.P. , " Wing rotation and the aerodynamic basic of insect flight ",Science,Vol. 284,pp.1954-1960,1999.
[18]. Waszak, M.R. ,Jenkins, L.N. and Ifju, P.G. ,”Stability and control properties of an aeroelastic fixed wing micro aerial vehicle,” AIAA 2001-4005,2001.
[19]. Daniel, T.L. and Combes, S.A. ,”Flexible wings and fins: bending by inertial or fluid dynamic force?,” Integrative and comparative biology, Vol.42, pp.1044- 1049,2002.
[20]. Taylor, G.K.,Nudds, R.L. and Thomas, A.L.R.,” Flying and swimming animals cruise at a strouhal number tuned for high power efficiency”, Nature, vol.425, pp.707-711,2003.
[21]. Miao, J.M. ,Ho, M.h. ,”Effect of flexure on aerodynamic propulsive efficiency of flapping flexible airfoil ,“Journal of Fluids and Structures 22 ,401–419, 2006.
[22]. Wei Shyy and Hao Liu ,”Flapping Wings and Aerodynamic Lift:The Role of Leading-Edge Vortices “, AIAA Journal Vol. 45, No. 12, December 2007.
[23]. Heathcote, S. ,Wang, Z. and Gursul, I ,”Effect of spanwise flexibility wing propulsion ,” Journal of Fluids and Structures 24 ,183–199, 2008.
[24]. Wei Shyy , Pat Trizila, Chang-kwon Kang, and Hikaru Aono ,”Can Tip Vortices Enhance Lift of a Flapping Wing? “AIAA Journal Received 20 October 2008.
[25]. Chang, C. C., “Potential Flow and Forces for Incompressible Viscous Flow,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A, Vol. 437, pp.517–525, 1992.
[26]. Yang-Yao Niu, Ting-Shiu Hsu, C. T. Hsieh, C. C. Chang, and C. C. Chu ,” How Does a Gurney Flap Enhance the Aerodynamics Forces? ”, AIAA Journal Vol. 48, No. 11, November 2010.
[27]. Gregory, N and O’Reilly, C.L. ,”Low-Speed Aerodynamic Characteristics of NACA0012 Aerofoil Section, including the Effects of Upper-Surface Roughness Simulation Hoar Frost,” NASA R&M 3726,Jan 1970.
[28]. Lee, T and Gerontakos, P ,” Investigation of flow over an oscillating airfoil “, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 512, pp. 313–341, 2004.
[29]. Heathcote, S , Wang, Z and Gursul, I , ” Effect of spanwise flexibility on flapping wing propulsion “, Journal of Fluids and Structures 24 , 183–199, 2008.
[30]. Hao Liu,” Integrated modeling of insect flight: From morphology, kinematics to aerodynamics “, Journal of Computational Physics 228, 439–459, 2009.
[31]. Hedrick, T. L. and Daniel, T. L. ,” Flight control in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta: the inverse problem of hovering “, The Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 3114-3130, 2006.
[32]. Isogai, K. and Shinmoto, Y.,” Effects of Dynamic Stall on Propulsive Efficiency and Thrust of Flapping Airfoil “, AIAA JOURNAL Vol. 37, No. 10, October 1999.
[33]. Yang-Yao Niu and M. S. Liou, “Numerical Simulation of Dynamics Stall Using Upwind Schemes and Dual Time Stepping”, AIAA Journal, Vol. 37, No.11, pp 1386-1392, Nov. 1999.
[34]. 丁上杰 , “魚類操控式游動之流體物理與仿生學研究”, 博士論文, 國立清華大學 , 動力機械工程學系, 新竹,2009。
[35]. 許廷旭 ,“高升力尾翼氣動力初步分析”,碩士論文,中華大學,機械工程學系,新竹,2009。