臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　私酒交易是美國在1920 年至1933 年禁酒時期時執法人員最無從遏止的犯罪活動。自1920 年1 月17 日《美國憲法第十八條修正條文》正式實施開始，禁止了全國大部分含酒精的飲料販售、運輸與製造的活動。然而，這項法律卻沒有阻礙依舊渴望杯中物的民眾。1920 年到1933 年美國人表面上停止或至少減少在酒精飲料的消耗，事實上，大部分的人並沒有因此減少飲用和製造。由於市場需求龐大，利潤自然豐厚，於是吸引諸多有心人士投入私酒交易。
　　本研究將針對《美國憲法第十八條修正條文》與〈沃爾斯泰德法〉背景下的酒類相關非法活動進行深入探究，探討人們如何透過各種管道取得酒精，私酒業者又是使用哪些手段與管道取得價值不斐的私酒，以及私酒交易如何影響禁酒時期的美國社會。

Bootlegging trade was the most unstoppable criminal activity which the authority intended to restrain during Prohibition Era in the United States from 1920 to 1933. Since the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution be enabled on January 17, 1920. The production, importation, transportation, and sale of intoxicating liquors had been ban and regarded as illegal in nationwide.
However, the legislation did not prevented the amounts of alcohol consuming activities raised up. Due to the high profit, there are incalculable the number of people who involved with bootlegging and smuggling alcohol consequently. The following article aims to investigate the ways, measures and the influence of bootlegging trade activities during prohibition era under the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead
Act.

第一章　緒論 …………………………………1
　　　　研究動機 ……………………………1
　　　　研究回顧 ……………………………6
　　　　史料說明 ……………………………11
　　　　章節說明 ……………………………13
第二章　逐漸乾枯的美利堅：禁酒令的形成 ………………………………15
　第一節　禁酒以前的美國社會飲酒習慣 …………………………………15
　　一、19 世紀美國支持禁酒的組織團體…………………………………19
　第三節　時代的推手：進步運動與一次大戰 ……………………………26
　　一、進步運動與進步主義 ………………………………………………26
　　二、第一次世界大戰時的戰時禁酒令 …………………………………31
　第四節　禁酒立憲 …………………………………………………………32
第三章　上有政策下有對策：私酒交易與貿易方式 ………………………39
　第一節　外國走私違禁酒 …………………………………………………39
　　一、陸路：邊境走私 ……………………………………………………39
　　二、海路：海上走私 ……………………………………………………41
　　　　海上走私作業 ………………………………………………………42
　第二節　私自釀造 …………………………………………………………48
　　一、私自提煉或自釀的私酒（Moonshine） …………………………48
　　二、使用器具與原料 ……………………………………………………50
　第三節　盜竊合法藥用酒 …………………………………………………52
第四章　其他行業與社會群體 ………………………………………………59
　第一節　遭受禁酒令影響的其他行業 ……………………………………59
　第二節　沙漠中的綠洲：地下酒館 ………………………………………62
　第三節　禁酒時期相關執法人員以及美國黑幫組織的參與 ……………66
　　一、禁酒局與執法人員 …………………………………………………66
　　二、美國海岸防衛隊（United States Coast Guard） ………………71
　　三、黑幫成員的參與 ……………………………………………………74
　　　　芝加哥黑幫的私酒事業 ……………………………………………75
　　　　紐約幫派的參與 ……………………………………………………76
　　　　黑幫涉入私酒市場對犯罪率之影響 ………………………………77
第五章　結論 …………………………………………………………………81
　　　　美國史學脈絡下談禁酒的失敗 ……………………………………83
附件 ……………………………………………………………………………87
徵引書目 ………………………………………………………………………91

中文
一、 專書
大衛•柯特（David T. Courtwright）著，薛絢譯，《上癮五百年》（Forces of Habit），台北：立緒文化，2002 年。
郭九林，《美國市民與禁酒》，廈門市：廈門大學出版社，2012 年。

二、 學位論文
李慧，〈美國禁酒運動研究（19 世紀末—20 世紀30 年代）〉，上海市：華東師範大學歷史研究所碩士學位論文，2006 年。
黃昶立，〈二十年代芝加哥黑手黨領袖卡彭崛起背景之研究〉，台北：淡江大學美國研究所碩士學位論文，1998 年。

三、 期刊
孫同勛，〈二十世紀的美國史學〉，《美國研究》，第一期，民國60 年3 月。
孫同勛，〈美國史家對進步運動的解釋之演變〉，《華岡文科學報》，第二十二期，民國87 年3 月。
喻維莉，〈美國二十世紀二十年代的自由主義與反禁酒運動〉，《桂海論叢》，2004年11 月增刊。

英文
一、 史料文獻
1. 政府與國會文件
Public Laws of the 1st Congress of the United States, 3rd Session, 1791.
Public Laws of the 62nd Congress of the United States, 3rd Session, 1913.
Public Laws of the 63th Congress of the United States, 3rd Session, 1915.
Public Laws of the 64th Congress of the United States, 1st Session, 1916.
Public Laws of the 65th Congress of the United States, 1st Session, 1917.
Public Laws of the 65th Congress of the United States, 2nd Session, 1918.
Public Laws of the 65th Congress of the United States, Proposed Amendment to the Constitution, 1917.
Public Laws of the 66th Congress of the United States, 1st Session, 1919.
Public Laws of the 69th Congress of the United States, 2nd Session, 1927.
The Statutes at Large of the United States of America from December 1923 to March 1925.
United States Department of the Justice, Annual Report of the Attorney General of the United States for the Fiscal Year 1928, Washington, D.C.: Washinton Government Printing Office, 1928.
United States Department of the Treasury, Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1923, with Appendices. Washington, D.C.: Washington Government Printing Office, 1923.

2. 報章雜誌
“Autos and Liquor Kill 14”, The New York Times, Jan 20, 1925, p. 24.
“Drought Costs Rabbi His Job,＂Los Angeles Time, Mar 13, 1921, p. 115.
“Flood of Liquor Sold by Order of Doctors”, The New York Times, July 24, 1924, p. 8.
“Police Axes Wreck Raided Speakeasies When They Reopen,” The New York Times, Jan 8, 1929, p. 1.
“Sea Rumrunner Held On 2 Liquor Charges”, The New York Times, Nov 27, 1923, p. 21.
“The Battle of Rum Row,” Popular Mechanics, Vol.45, No.6, June 1926, pp. 955-959.

3. 當代出版刊物
Anne Royall, Letters from Alabama on Various Subjects, Washington District: S.N, 1830.
Benjamin Rush, An Inquiry Into the Effects of Ardent Spirits Upon the Human Body and Mind: With an Account of the Means of Preventing, and of the Remedies for Curing Them, James Loring, 1823.
Laurence F. Schmeckebier, The Bureau of Prohibition Its History, Activities and Organization (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution), 1929.
Stanley Walker, The Night Club Era, New York: Frederick A Storkes Company, 1933.

二、專書
Craig Thompson and Allen Raymond, Gang Rule in New York: The Story of a Lawless Era, New York: The Dial Press, 1940.
Daniel Okrent, Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010.
David E. Kyvig , Daily Life in the United States: 1920-1940, Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2004.
David E. Kyvig, Repealing National Prohibition, Chicago: University of Chicago, 1980.
Edward Behr, Prohibition: Thirteen Years that Changed America, New York: Sterling Publishing, 2013.
Eric Burns, 1920: The Year that Made the Decade Roar, New York: Pegasus Books, 2016.
Eric Burnss, The Spirits of America: A Social History of Alcohol, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2010.
Jeff Morris and Michael A. Morris, Haunted Cincinnati and Southwest Ohio, Mount Pleasant: Arcadia Publishing.
Karen Blumenthal, Bootleg: Murder, Moonshine, and the Lawless Years of Prohibition, New York: Flash Point, 2011.
Louise Chipley Slavicek, The Prohibition Era: Temperance in the United States, New York: Chelsea House, 2008.
Luciano Iorizzo, Al Capone: A Biography, Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003.
Marc Mappen , Prohibition Gangsters: The Rise and Fall of a Bad Generation, Rutgers University Press, 2013.
Michael Craton and Gail Saunders, A History of the Bahamian People: From the Ending of Slavery to the Twenty-First Century, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000.
Norman H. Clark, Deliver US from Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1976.
Thomas Pegram, Battling Demon Rum: The Struggle for a Dry America, 1800-1933 (American Ways Series), Chicago: Dee, Ivan R. Publisher, 1999.
Time Life Book Editors, This Fabulous Century, 1920-1930, New York: Time-Life Books, 1969.
W. J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition, New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.

三、期刊
John Landesco, “ Prohibition and Crime”, The Annals of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science, Vol. 163, Sep, 1932.
Mark H. Haller, “Organized Crime in Urban Society: Chicago in the Twentieth
Century”, Journal of Social History, Vol. 5, No. 2, Winter, 1971-1972.
William H. Stayton ,“Have We Prohibition or Only Prohibition Laws?”, The North
American Review, Vol. 221, No. 827 (Jun-Aug, 1925).

四、電子資料庫
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“Bill McCoy onboard the Arethusa, 1924” , Library of Congress, accessed, December 20, http://images.marinersmuseum.org/#/gallery/billmccoy/apk02v15-bill-mccoy-1924
“Evans's Pedestrious tour of four thousand miles--1818, p. 261.” The Internet Archive, last modified / accessed September 21, 2017,https://archive.org/details/evansspedestriou00evanrich
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INTOXICATING LIQUORS. (P. 469, 422).”, GovTrack.us , last modified /accessed February 5, https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/65-2/h61
“Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith: Famous Prohibition Agents,” Alcohol Problems and Solutions, last modified / accessed September 24, 2017, https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/izzy-einstein-and-moe-smith/
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“The Oklahoma City times, April 22, 1918, LATE STREET EDITION, Image 6,”Library of Congress, last modified / accessed March 8, 2017,http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86064187/1918-04-22/ed-1/seq-6/
“The Real MacCoy” Oxford Dictionaries, last modified / accessed Jan 17, 2017, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mccoy
“Senate Vote #121 in 1917 TO PASS S.J. RES. 17. (P. 666-1).” GovTrack.us, last modified / accessed
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外交部領事事務局各國暨各地區簽證、旅遊及消費者保護資訊：聖皮埃與密克隆群島，網址：http://www.boca.gov.tw/content.asp?CuItem=4512&BaseDSD=13&CtUnit=14&mp=1 (最後檢閱：2017 年11 月13 日)
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