臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　解決氣候變化是攸關全民的重要課題，從社會心理學的角度來看，知識影響價值觀，進而對友善環境行為扮演重要的角色。本研究主張環境知識對自我效能、自我認同及利他價值等有正向的影響，進而產生私人與公共友善環境的行為。本研究採用線上問卷調查法，總計回收401份問卷，共計有效問卷回收380份，無效問卷21份，其有效問卷比例為94.8%。
　　經由PLS(partial least squares)分析方法，結果發現：(1)環境知識對自我效能、自我認同及利他價值皆具有正向的影響；(2)自我效能對私人友善環境行為未有顯著的影響；(3)自我認同和利他價值對私人友善環境行為具有正向的影響；(4)自我效能和自我認同對公共友善環境行為具有正向的影響；(5)利他價值對公共友善環境行為未有顯著的影響。研究結果可提供友善環境教育主管機關和團體相關的管理意涵。

　　Solving climate change is vital to all people. From a social psychological perspective, knowledge influencing values plays an important role in individual’s behavior change. The purpose of this study is to understand the influence of environmental knowledge on values that encourage individuals’ participation in private-sphere and public-sphere pro-environmental behaviors. Through online and offline survey, this study collected 380 valid responses to test the hypotheses. The effective questionnaire ratio was 94.8%.
　　The result of PLS (partial least squares) showed that: (1) self-efficacy, self-identity and altruistic value positively affected environmental knowledge.; (2) self-efficacy had no directly effect on private-sphere pro-environmental behavior.; (3) self-identity and altruistic value positively affected private-sphere pro-environmental behavior. ;(4) self-efficacy and self-identity positively affected public-sphere pro-environmental behavior.; (5) altruistic value had no effect on public-sphere pro-environmental behavior. The findings provide management implications for authorities and related interest groups for pro-environmental education.

誌謝　i
論文摘要　ii
Abstract　iii
目錄　iv
表目錄　vi
圖目錄　vii

第一章 緒論　1
　第一節　研究背景與動機　1
　第二節　研究目的　3
第二章　文獻回顧與假設發展　4
　第一節　E-TIMSI模型　4
　第二節　環境知識　5
　第三節　自我效能　6
　第四節　自我認同　7
　第五節　利他價值　7
　第六節　友善環境行為　8
　第七節　小結　11
第三章　研究方法　13
　第一節　問卷之發展與測試　13
　第二節　變數的定義與衡量　14
　第三節　資料分析方法　17
第四章　實證結果　20
　第一節　樣本資料描述　20
　第二節　環境客觀知識評估　22
　第三節　測量模式之效度與信度分析　24
　第四節　研究假設之驗證　27
　第五節　中介效果分析　30
第五章　結論與建議　34
　第一節　研究結論　34
　第二節　管理意涵　38
　第三節　研究限制與建議　39
參考文獻　41
附錄：本研究問卷　50

朱瑞玲、楊淑雯(2013)。臺灣民眾的利環境態度與行為: 價值觀與罪感的影響。環境教育研究，9(2)，91-129。
何苔麗、徐慧霞、章家誠(2012)。手機應用程式服務使用態度及再購意願研究-以蘋果公司的 App Store 為例。中華科技大學學報，50，169-189。
何雍慶、蔡青姿(2009)。運用 PLS 方法探討價值創新導入新產品開發之調節角色。中華管理評論-國際學報，12(2)，250-265。
宋建奇(2000)。高雄市國小教師環境知識，態度及研習需求之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。臺東師範學院，臺東。
唐貺怡、周淑嬌、黃凱羚、葉國樑、黃禎貞、唐孝蘭、石玲如(2009)。國中生環境行爲意圖及相關因素研究—以台北縣某國中學生爲例。學校衛生，54，51-67。
教育部(1998)。國民教育階段九年一貫課程總綱綱要。台北：教育部。
陳明聲(2006)。乾電池的購買與回收行為之影響因素探討(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中山大學，高雄市。
黃建勲(2016)。瞭解等於行動?檢驗台灣民眾環境知識，友善環境價值及節能減碳行為。社會研究學報，2(1)，59-79。
楊冠政(1997)。邁向永續發展的環境教育。環境科學技術教育專刊，12，1-10。
鄒敏惠(2018)。《地球暖化1.5°C》IPCC特別報告——決策者摘要。台灣環境資訊協會。
蕭文龍(2013)。統計分析入門與應用: SPSS 中文版+ PLS-SEM (SmartPLS)。台北市:碁峰資訊股份有限公司。

二、網站資料:
台灣醒報(2018)。青少年缺乏環境知識 影響減碳成效。2018年5月2號，取自: https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98-%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E6%B8%9B%E7%A2%B3%E6%88%90%E6%95%88-090208527.html
台灣環境保護聯盟(2019)。427廢核遊行宣告：一起跟核電說掰掰，迎接風與光的再生能源時代！。2019年5月3號，取自: http://www.ithome.com.tw/news/93348

三、英文文獻:
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Akehurst, G., Afonso, C., & Martins Gonçalves, H. (2012). Re-examing green purchase behaviour and the green consumer profile: new evidences. Management Decision, 50(5), 972-988.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bulletin, 103(3), 411.
Arcury, T. A., & Johnson, T. P. (1987). Public environmental knowledge: A statewide The Journal of Environmental Education, 18(4), 31-37.
Ashforth, B. E., & Johnson, S. (2001). Which hat to wear. Social identity processes in organizational contexts, Philadelphia, Psychology Press, 5, 32-48.
Axelrod, L. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1993). Responding to environmental concerns: What factors guide individual action? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(2), 149-159.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.
Bamberg, S., & Schmidt, P. (2003). Incentives, morality, or habit? Predicting students’ car use for university routes with the models of Ajzen, Schwartz, and Triandis. Environment and behavior, 35(2), 264-285.
Bandura, A. (2002). Social cognitive theory in cultural context. Applied psychology, 51(2), 269-290.
Barclay, D., Higgins, C., & Thompson, R. (1995). The partial least squares (PLS) approach to casual modeling: personal computer adoption ans use as an Illustration. Technology Studies, 2(2) , 285–309.
Beatty, S. E., & Smith, S. M. (1987). External search effort: An investigation across product categories. Journal of consumer research, 14(1), 83-95.
Belk, R. W. (2013). Extended self in a digital world. Journal of consumer research, 40(3), 477-500.
Berger, I. and Corbin, R. (1992), “Perceived consumer effectiveness and faith in others as moderators of environmentally responsible behaviours”, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 11(2) ,79-89.
Black, J. S., Stern, P. C., & Elworth, J. T. (1985). Personal and contextual influences on househould energy adaptations. Journal of applied psychology, 70(1), 3.
Brucks, M. (1985). The effects of product class knowledge on information search behavior. Journal of consumer research, 12(1), 1-16.
Cameron, L. D., Brown, P. M., & Chapman, J. G. (1998). Social Value Orientations and Decisions to Take Proenvironmental Action 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 28(8), 675-697.
Capstick, S., Whitmarsh, L., Poortinga, W., Pidgeon, N., & Upham, P. (2015). International trends in public perceptions of climate change over the past quarter century.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 6(1), 35-61.
Castaneda, M. G., Martinez, C. P., Marte, R., & Roxas, B. (2015). Explaining the environmentally-sustainable consumer behavior: a social capital perspective. Social Responsibility Journal, 11(4), 658-676.
Chan, R. Y. (2001). Determinants of Chinese consumers green purchase behavior. Psychology & marketing, 18(4), 389-413.
Clark, & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological assessment, 7(3), 309.
Clark, C. F., Kotchen, M. J., & Moore, M. R. (2003). Internal and external influences on pro-environmental behavior: Participation in a green electricity program. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(3), 237-246.
Clayton. (2003). Environmental identity: A conceptual and an operational definition. Identity and the natural environment. psychological significance of nature, 3 , 45-65.
Clayton. (2012). The Oxford handbook of environmental and conservation psychology. Location: Oxford.
Crocker, L., & Algina, J. (1986). Introduction to classical and modern test theory. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887.
Crook, T. R., Todd, S. Y., Combs, J. G., Woehr, D. J., & Ketchen Jr, D. J. (2011). Does human capital matter? A meta-analysis of the relationship between human capital and firm performance. Journal of applied psychology, 96(3), 443.
Diamantopoulos, A., & Winklhofer, H. M. (2001). Index construction with formative indicators: An alternative to scale development. Journal of marketing research, 38(2), 269-277.
De Groot, J. I., & Steg, L. (2010). Relationships between value orientations, self-determined motivational types and pro-environmental behavioural intentions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 368-378.
Dermody, J., Hanmer-Lloyd, S., Koenig-Lewis, N., & Zhao, A. L. (2015). Advancing sustainable consumption in the UK and China: the mediating effect of pro- environmental self-identity. Journal of Marketing Management, 31(13-14), 1472-1502.
Dolan, R. J. (2002). Emotion, cognition, and behavior. Review Neuroscience and Psychology, 298, 1191-1194.
Ebreo, A., Hershey, J., & Vining, J. (1999). Reducing solid waste: Linking recycling to environmentally responsible consumerism. Environment and behavior, 31(1), 107-135.
Efron, B. (1979). Computers and the theory of statistics: thinking the unthinkable. SIAM review, 21(4), 460-480.
Ellen, P. S., Wiener, J. L., & Cobb-Walgren, C. (1991). The role of perceived consumer effectiveness in motivating environmentally conscious behaviors. Journal of public policy & marketing, 10(2), 102-117.
Ellis, R. J., & Thompson, F. (1997). Culture and the environment in the Pacific Northwest. American political science review, 91(4), 885-897.
Engel, J. F., Blackwell, R. D., ＆ Miniard, P. W.(1993). Consumer behavior (7th ed.). New York: The Dryden.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity youth and crisis(1st ed.), New York ,NY:W W Norton.
Ertz, M., Karakas, F., & Sarigöllü, E. (2016). Exploring pro-environmental behaviors of consumers: An analysis of contextual factors, attitude, and behaviors. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 3971-3980.
Estrada, M., Schultz, P. W., Silva-Send, N., & Boudrias, M. A. (2017). The Role of Social Influences on Pro-Environment Behaviors in the San Diego Region. Journal of Urban Health, 94(2), 170-179.
Estrada, M., Woodcock, A., Hernandez, P. R., & Schultz, P. (2011). Toward a model of social influence that explains minority student integration into the scientific community. Journal of educational psychology, 103(1), 206.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Fujii, S. (2006). Environmental concern, attitude toward frugality, and ease of behavior as determinants of pro-environmental behavior intentions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26(4), 262-268.
Gärling, T., Fujii, S., Gärling, A., & Jakobsson, C. (2003). Moderating effects of social value orientation on determinants of proenvironmental behavior intention. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(1), 1-9.
Gifford, R. (2011). The dragons of inaction: psychological barriers that limit climate change mitigation and adaptation. American Psychologist, 66(4), 290.
Guagnano, G. A., Stern, P. C., & Dietz, T. (1995). Influences on attitude-behavior relationships: A natural experiment with curbside recycling. Environment and behavior, 27(5), 699-718.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & William, C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). London: Prentice-Hall International.
Hardesty, D. M., Bearden, W. O., & Carlson, J. P. (2007). Persuasion knowledge and consumer reactions to pricing tactics. Journal of Retailing, 83(2), 199-210.
Hines, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1987). Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Environmental Education, 18(2), 1-8.
Homburg, A., & Stolberg, A. (2006). Explaining pro-environmental behavior with a cognitive theory of stress. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26(1), 1-14.
House, R. (1987). Dictionary of the English Language (2d ed.). Unabridged: New York: Random House.
Howell, D. C. (2012). Statistical methods for psychology (8th ed.). Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.
Hunecke, M., Blöbaum, A., Matthies, E., & Höger, R. (2001). Responsibility and environment: Ecological norm orientation and external factors in the domain of travel mode choice behavior. Environment and behavior, 33(6), 830-852.
Hungerford, H. R., & Volk, T. L. (1990). Changing learner behavior through environmental education. The Journal of Environmental Education, 21(3), 8-21.
Jansson, J., Marell, A., & Nordlund, A. (2010). Green consumer behavior: determinants of curtailment and eco-innovation adoption. Journal of consumer marketing, 27(4), 358-370.
Joireman, J. A., Lasane, T. P., Bennett, J., Richards, D., & Solaimani, S. (2001). Integrating social value orientation and the consideration of future consequences within the extended norm activation model of proenvironmental behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(1), 133-155.
Joireman, J. A., Van Lange, P. A., Kuhlman, D. M., Van Vugt, M., & Shelley, G. P. (1997). An interdependence analysis of commuting decisions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27(4), 441-463.
Josselson, R. (1994). Identity and relatedness in the life cycle. Identity and development: An interdisciplinary approach. (pp. 81-102). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.
Kahan, D. M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L. L., Braman, D., & Mandel, G. (2012). The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks. Nature climate change, 2(10), 732.
Kelman, H. C. (2006). Interests, relationships, identities: Three central issues for individuals and groups in negotiating their social environment. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 57, 1-26.
Kinnear, T. C., Taylor, J. R., & Ahmed, S. A. (1974). Ecologically concerned consumers: who are they? The Journal of Marketing, 38(2), 20-24.
Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Environmental education research, 8(3), 239-260.
Lam, S.-P., & Chen, J.-K. (2006). What makes customers bring their bags or buy bags from the shop? A survey of customers at a Taiwan hypermarket. Environment and behavior, 38(3), 318-332.
Lee, Y.-k., Kim, S., Kim, M.-s., & Choi, J.-g. (2014). Antecedents and interrelationships of three types of pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Business Research, 67(10), 2097-2105.
Lindenberg, S., & Steg, L. (2007). Normative, gain and hedonic goal frames guiding environmental behavior. Journal of social issues, 63(1), 117-137.
MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2011). Construct measurement and validation procedures in MIS and behavioral research: Integrating new and existing techniques. MIS quarterly, 35(2), 293-334.
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of personality and social psychology, 3(5), 551.
Marcinkowski, T. J. (1988). An analysis of correlates and predictors of responsible environmental behavior (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
Milman, O. (2015). Rate of environmental degradation puts life on Earth at risk, say scientists. Journal of environment and behavior,15, 26-38.
Moisander, J. (2007). Motivational complexity of green consumerism. International journal of consumer studies, 31(4), 404-409.
Neter, J., Kutner, M. H., Nachtsheim, C. J., & Wasserman, W. (1996). Applied linear statistical models (4th ed.). Irwin Chicago.
Paço, A., & Lavrador, T. (2017). Environmental knowledge and attitudes and behaviours towards energy consumption. Journal of environmental management, 197, 384-392.
Park, C. W., & Lessig, V. P. (1981). Familiarity and its impact on consumer decision biases and heuristics. Journal of consumer research, 8(2), 223-230.
Park, C. W., Mothersbaugh, D. L., & Feick, L. (1994). Consumer knowledge assessment. Journal of consumer research, 21(1), 71-82.
Pickett-Baker, J., & Ozaki, R. (2008). Pro-environmental products: marketing influence on consumer purchase decision. Journal of consumer marketing, 25(5), 281-293.
Pinto, D. C., Nique, W. M., Añaña, E. d. S., & Herter, M. M. (2011). Green consumer values: how do personal values influence environmentally responsible water consumption? International journal of consumer studies, 35(2), 122-131.
Poortinga, W., Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2004). Values, environmental concern, and environmental behavior: A study into household energy use. Environment and behavior, 36(1), 70-93.
Price, J. C., Walker, I. A., & Boschetti, F. (2014). Measuring cultural values and beliefs about environment to identify their role in climate change responses. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 37, 8-20.
Raju, P. S., Lonial, S. C., & Mangold, W. G. (1995). Differential effects of subjective knowledge, objective knowledge, and usage experience on decision making: An exploratory investigation. Journal of consumer psychology, 4(2),153-180.
Reid, L., Sutton, P., & Hunter, C. (2010). Theorizing the meso level: the household as a crucible of pro-environmental behaviour. Progress in human geography, 34(3), 309-327.
Rice, G. (2006a). Individual values, organizational context, and self-perceptions of employee creativity: Evidence from Egyptian organizations. Journal of Business Research, 59(2), 233-241.
Rice, G. (2006b). Pro-environmental behavior in Egypt: Is there a role for Islamic environmental ethics? Journal of business ethics, 65(4), 373-390.
Schaefer, K., & Fuller, D. (2005). Behavior of bigeye (Thunnus obesus) and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) tunas within aggregations associated with floating objects in the equatorial eastern Pacific. Marine Biology, 146(4), 781-792.
Schultz, P. W., Gouveia, V. V., Cameron, L. D., Tankha, G., Schmuck, P., & Franěk, M. (2005). Values and their relationship to environmental concern and conservation behavior. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 36(4), 457-475.
Schultz, P. W., Shriver, C., Tabanico, J. J., & Khazian, A. M. (2004). Implicit connections with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(1), 31-42.
Schultz, P. W., & Tabanico, J. (2007). Self, Identity, and the Natural Environment: Exploring Implicit Connections With Nature 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 37(6), 1219-1247.
Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. Advances in experimental social psychology, 10, 221-279.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in experimental social psychology, 25, 1-65.
Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of social issues, 50(4), 19-45.
Segev, S. (2015). Modelling household conservation behaviour among ethnic consumers: the path from values to behaviours. International journal of consumer studies, 39(3), 193-202.
Sia, A., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1985). Selected predictors of environmentally responsible behavior: An analysis. Journal of Environmental Education, 17(2), 31-40.
Simmons, D., & Widmar, R. (1990). Motivations and barriers to recycling: Toward a strategy for public education. The Journal of Environmental Education, 22(1), 13-18.
Sluss, D. M., & Ashforth, B. E. (2007). Relational identity and identification: Defining ourselves through work relationships. Academy of Management Review, 32(1), 9-32.
Snelgar, R. S. (2006). Egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric environmental concerns: Measurement and structure. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26(2), 87-99.
Soron, D. (2010). Sustainability, self‐identity and the sociology of consumption. Sustainable development, 18(3), 172-181.
Sparks, P., & Shepherd, R. (1992). Self-identity and the theory of planned behavior: Assesing the role of identification with" green consumerism". Social psychology quarterly, 55, 388-399.
Steg, L., Dreijerink, L., & Abrahamse, W. (2005). Factors influencing the acceptability of energy policies: A test of VBN theory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25(4), 415-425.
Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(3), 309-317.
Stern, P. C. (2000). New environmental theories: toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of social issues, 56(3), 407-424.
Stern, P. C., & Dietz, T. (1994). The value basis of environmental concern. Journal of social issues, 50(3), 65-84.
Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., & Guagnano, G. A. (1995). The new ecological paradigm in social-psychological context. Environment and behavior, 27(6), 723-743.
Tabernero, C., & Hernández, B. (2011). Self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation guiding environmental behavior. Environment and behavior, 43(5), 658-675.
Thøgersen, J. (2000). Psychological determinants of paying attention to eco-labels in purchase decisions: Model development and multinational validation. Journal of consumer policy, 23(3), 285-313.
Thorbjørnsen, H., Pedersen, P. E., & Nysveen, H. (2007). “This is who I am”: Identity expressiveness and the theory of planned behavior. Psychology & marketing, 24(9), 763-785.
Vainio, A., Mäkiniemi, J.-P., & Paloniemi, R. (2014). System justification and the perception of food risks. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17(4), 509-523.
Van der Werff, E., Steg, L., & Keizer, K. (2013). The value of environmental self-identity: The relationship between biospheric values, environmental self-identity and environmental preferences, intentions and behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, 55-63.
Van Vugt, M., Meertens, R. M., & Van Lange, P. A. (1995). Car Versus Public Transportation? The Role of Social Value Orientations in a Real‐Life Social Dilemma 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 25(3), 258-278.
Vicente-Molina, M. A., Fernández-Sáinz, A., & Izagirre-Olaizola, J. (2013). | Environmental knowledge and other variables affecting pro-environmental behaviour: comparison of university students from emerging and advanced countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 61, 130-138.
Webb, D. J., Green, C. L., & Brashear, T. G. (2000). Development and validation of scales to measure attitudes influencing monetary donations to charitable organizations. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(2), 299.
Webster Jr, F. E. (1975). Determining the characteristics of the socially conscious consumer. Journal of consumer research, 2(3), 188-196.
White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological review, 66(5), 297.
Whitmarsh, L., & ONeill, S. (2010). Green identity, green living? The role of pro-environmental self-identity in determining consistency across diverse pro-environmental behaviours. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(3), 305-314.
Zhang, J., Pantula, S. G., & Boos, D. D. (1991). Robust methods for testing the pattern of a single covariance matrix. Biometrika, 78(4), 787-795.
Zhao, L.-D., Lo, S.-H., Zhang, Y., Sun, H., Tan, G., Uher, C., . . . Kanatzidis, M. G. (2014). Ultralow thermal conductivity and high thermoelectric figure of merit in SnSe crystals. Nature, 508(7496), 373.