臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

憂鬱症已是二十一世紀的三大疾病之一，如何對憂鬱症狀做早期診斷以利預防和治療，一直是臨床研究者極欲努力的目標。目前，已有許多外顯式的憂鬱自陳量表被發展，它能測到個體外顯的憂鬱傾向，但是否同樣能對內隱的憂鬱傾向做出評估則尚待檢驗，因此本研究之目的在設計憂鬱內隱聯結測驗 (Implicit Association Test, IAT)，並同時探究內隱、外顯憂鬱及內隱、外顯自尊間的關係。研究一以42名憂鬱與40名非憂鬱個案為參與者，對其施測內隱、外顯憂鬱及內隱、外顯自尊測量，俾以檢驗憂鬱IAT的信效度。研究結果顯示，研究一中只有憂鬱IAT能區辨組別差異，具有效標關聯效度，自尊IAT並無法區辨出組別效標的差異。研究二以隨機方式挑選84名國防大學二、三年級學生為研究對象，操弄正、負向作業回饋以誘發其正、負向情緒，俾觀察其在內隱、外顯憂鬱及內隱與外顯自尊IAT上的表現，俾以檢驗內隱憂鬱IAT的效度。研究結果顯示，研究二在誘發負向情緒後，只有憂鬱IAT可以偵測出正負向回饋的處理，而自尊IAT及外顯憂鬱量表卻無法偵測出正負向回饋效果的差異。綜合以上結果可知，憂鬱IAT是一個有效的內隱憂鬱測量工具。

Depressive disorder has been one of the three main diseases of the 21st century. Therefore, Clinical researchers attempt to early diagnosis in order to do prevention and therapy. There are many explicit self-report inventories which could predict individual explicit depression tendency are developed in nowadays. However, it is still underexamined if the inventory able to assess implicit depression tendency. The aim of this research is to design depressive implicit association test (depression IAT) and also to investigate the relationship between implicit/explicit depression and implicit/explicit self-esteem. The first research consists of 42 depression samples and 40 non-depression samples use implicit/explicit depression and implicit/explicit self-esteem test, to examine the reliability and validity of depression IAT. The results of first research show that only depression IAT has criterion-related validity, self-esteem IAT cannot discriminate difference between the depression and non-depression group. The second research select 84 second year and third years students of National Defense University randomly, give them positive and negative feedback to induce different emotions, observed in the performance of implicit/explicit depression and implicit/explicit self-esteem, to examine the validity of depression IAT. The results of second research show that when induced the negative emotion, only depression IAT could discriminate the difference between positive and negative feedback, but self-esteem IAT and explicit depression inventory could not. In conclusion, depression IAT is an effective implicit depression assessment tool.

致謝 III
摘要 IV
目次 VI
表目錄 VII
圖目錄 VIII
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究問題與目的 4
第二章 文獻探討 5
第一節 憂鬱的定義 5
第二節 憂鬱病因理論介紹 6
第三節 內隱與外顯認知 13
第四節 憂鬱的內隱與外顯測量 18
第五節 本研究概觀 31
第三章 研究一 32
第一節 研究方法 32
第二節 研究結果與討論 40
第四章 研究二 46
第一節 研究方法 46
第二節 研究結果 50
第五章 綜合討論 54
第一節 研究結果摘要 54
第二節 研究結果意涵 55
第三節 研究限制 60
第四節 未來研究建議 60
第五節 研究結果應用 61
參考文獻 62
附錄一 外顯自尊量表與外顯憂鬱量表 67
附錄二 正負向詞彙選定 68
附錄三 「自我相關」基本資料 69
附錄四 憂鬱詞彙評定問卷 70
附錄五 操弄檢核之憂鬱與正向詞彙 74
附錄六 回饋作業 75
附錄七 研究計劃審查同意函 78
附錄八 受訪同意書 79

余思賢、孫蒨如 (2004)。華人的內隱自尊。本土心理學研究，22，329-357。
李明濱（1999）。實用精神醫學。台北：國立臺灣大學醫學院。
李明濱、廖士程 (2009)。憂鬱症高風險危險群自我檢測。醫療品質雜誌，2 ，32-36。
李昱、楊明仁、文榮光、賴德仁、周騰達 (2000)。高雄地區憂鬱症流行病學調查：盛行率與危險因子(II)。行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計劃成果報告 (報告編號：NSC89-2413-H-182-002-SSS)，未出版。
李權晃 (2007)。疾病內隱接受度、藥物內隱態度與服藥順從性之關連性分析：以精神分裂症患者為例。私立輔仁大學臨床心理學研究所碩士論文。未出版，臺北市。
李威震 (2002)。內隱連結測量程序（IAT）的內部效度探討：以自尊測量為例。私立輔仁大學心理學研究所碩士論文。未出版，臺北市。
汪炳宏 (2003)。國軍自我傷害內隱及外顯評量工具之發展與評析。政治作戰學校社會行為科學研究所碩士論文。未出版，臺北市。
周泰安 (2003)。害羞的內隱與外顯測量。私立輔仁大學心理學研究所碩士論文。未出版，臺北市。
邱發忠、徐芝君、陳學志、卓淑玲(2004)。以內隱聯結測驗（IAT）測量軍事服從態度之研究。測驗學刊，51，209-232。
邱嘉玲 (2008)。憂鬱症患者認知易脆性與負向情緒持續之探討。私立中原大學心理學研究所碩士論文。未出版，臺北市。
柯慧貞 (1989)。內因性與非內因性憂鬱症在腎上腺皮質素抑制反應、認知偏差及生活壓力上之比較。台灣大學心理研究所博士論文。未出版，臺北市。
翁正澤 (2004)。改變性別刻板印象：內隱與外顯測量。國立中正大學心理學研究所碩士論文。未出版，嘉義市。
高民凱、林清文 (2002)。中學生解釋風格量表之編制及其效度研究。彰化師大輔導學報，23，131-162。
張玉萍（2007）。外顯內隱自尊的落差現象與自我設限。國立政治大學心理研究所碩士論文。未出版，臺北市。
陳學志、李威震、周泰安、卓淑玲 (2002)。以內隱連結測驗測量國人自尊的可能性研究。測驗年刊，49，217-234。
陳曉維 (2003)。成人依戀型態的內隱測量。國立台灣大學心理學研究所碩士論文。未出版，臺北市。
陸汝斌（2005）。秋雨晴時淚不晴-沮喪與憂鬱。科學發展，395，70-77。
塗沅瀓 (2002)。個體對同性戀所持態度之外顯測量與內隱測量比較。私立輔仁大學心理學研究所碩士論文。未出版，臺北市。
楊宜音、張志學譯 （1998）。性格與社會心理測量總覽（Robinson, J.P., & Shaver, P. R., & Wrightsman, L. S. 1990）。台北：遠流出版社。
楊蕙如 (2006)。憂鬱傾向者之同詞特性分析。國立中正大學心理學研究所碩士論文。未出版，嘉義市。
Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358-372.
American Psychiatry Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM-IV (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Asendorpf, J. B., Banse, R. & Daniel Mücke, D. (2002). Double Dissociation Between Implicit and Explicit Personality Self-Concept: The Case of Shy Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 83, 380-393.
Barraclough, B., Bunch, J., Nelson, B., & Sainsbury, P. (1974). A hundred cases of suicide: Clinical aspects. British Journal of Psychiatry , 125, 355–373.
Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive theory and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.
Beck, A. T. (2009). Depression: Cause and treatment. (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia press.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Pressed.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Beevers, C. G.,& Miller, I. W.,(2004) Depression-Related Negative Cognition: Mood-State and Trait Dependent Properties. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 28 , 293-307.
Bosson, J. K., Swann Jr., W. B., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2000). Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79 , 631-643.
Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J. & Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity. Psychological Science, 12, 163-170.
De Houwer, J., Teige-Mocigemba, S., Spruyt, A., & Moors, A. (2009). Implicit measures: A normative analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 347-368.
De Raedt, R., Schacht, R., Franck, E., & De Houwer, J. (2006). Self-esteem and depression revisited: Implicit positive self-esteem in depressed patients? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1017-1028.
Downey, G., & Coyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 50–76.
Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition. research: their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297-327.
Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027.
Forgas, J. P., & Ciarrochi, J. V. (2002). On managing moods: Evidence for the role of homeostatic cognitive strategies in affect regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 336-345.
Gemar, M. C., Segal, Z. V., Sagrati, S., & Kennedy, S. J. (2001). Mood-induced changes on the implicit association test in recovered depressed patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 282 - 289.
Gilbert, D. T., & Hixon, G. H. (1991). The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 509-517.
Gotlib, I. H., & Hammen, C. L. (2002). Handbook of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102 , 4-27.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216.
Haeffel, G. J., Abramson, L. Y., Brazy, P. C., Shah, J. Y., Teachman, B. A., & Nosek, B. A. (2007). Explicit and implicit cognition: A preliminary test of a dual-process theory of cognitive vulnerability to depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1155-1167.
Hasin, D. S., Goodwin, R. D., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2005). Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1097-1106.
Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwender, T., Le, H., & Schmitt, M. (2005). A meta-analysis on the correlation between the Implicit Association Test and explicit self-report measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1369–1385.
Ingram, R. E. (1990). Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: Review and a conceptual model. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 156–176.
Katz, R., & McGuffin, P. (1993). The genetics of affective disorder . In Chapman., J. P., Chapman., & Fowles, D.C. (Eds.). Experimantal personality & sychopathology Research (pp.201-221). New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Kessler, R. C., Blazer, D. G., McGonagle, K. A., Swartz M. S. (1994) The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: the National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 979-986.
Meites, T. M., Deveney, C. M., Steele, K. T., Holmes, A. J., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2008). Implicit depression and hopelessness in remitted depressed individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1078-1084.
Nancanow, C. & Brace, I.( 2000). Saying the “right thing”. Coping with Social Desirability Bias in Marketing Research. Bristol Business School Teaching and Research Review, Issue 3, Summer 2000, 1468-4578.
Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). The go/no-go association task. Social Cognition, 19, 625-666.
Olsson, A., Ebert, J. P., Banaji, M. R., Phelps, E. A. (2005). The role of social groups in the persistence of learned fear. Science, 309, 785-787.
Paulhus, D.L. (2001). Socially desirable responding: The evolution of a construct. In H. Braun, D.N. Jackson, & D. Wiley (Eds.), The role of constructs in psychological and educational measurement. New York.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
Sriram, N., Greewald, A. G. (2009). The Brief Implicit Association Test. Experimental Psychology, 56, 283–294.
Steinberg, J. A., Karpinski, A., & Alloy, L. B. (2007). The exploration of implicit aspects of self-esteem in vulnerability-stress models. Self and Identity, 6, 101-117.
Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K.S. ( 2000). Genetic epidemiology of major depression:Review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1552-1562.
Teige, S., Schnabel, K., Banse, R. & Asendorpf, J.B. (2004). Assessment of multiple implicit self-concept dimensions using the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST). European Journal of Personality, 18, 495-520.
Vanman, E. J., Paul, B. Y., Ito, T. A., & Miller, N. (1997). The modern face of prejudice and structural features that moderate the effect of cooperation on affect. Journal of personality and social psychology, 73, 941-959.
Wender, P. H., Kety, S. S., Rosenthal, D., Schulsinger, F., Ortmann, J., and Lunde, I., 1986. Psychiatric disorders in the biological and adoptive families of adopted individuals with affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 43,: 923-929.