臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

論文摘要
本文主要是檢定內生成長模型之下，政府的國防以及教育支出行為與經濟成長的關係。我們發覺以往的文獻探討，對於教育對經濟成長關係的探討大多著重在人力資本對經濟成長之影響，而多持正面的看法；學者對國防支出有持正面；亦有持負面之看法。根據本文所做的實證檢定則發現，長期之下，我們所欲檢定之變數，國民所得、教育支出以及國防支出皆具有單根之關係，顯示三個數列在長期之下，不具有穩定之狀態；亦即是呈現一個隨機漫步的情形，此正和我國經濟成長、國防支出、教育支出不斷增加的事實相吻合。而教育支出和國民所得亦有具有共整合的關係存在，這顯示了在長期之下，國民所得和教育支出的一階差分會呈一穩定的線性關係，即長期之下，國民所得和教育支出會有相同成長趨勢，而國民所得和國防支出間，因為國防預算支出的比例不斷降低，所以我們無法得出該支出與國民所得有共整合關係，顯示國民所得和國防支出長期下並無相同的成長趨勢。
而就因果關係檢定之結果來看，我們發現，國民所得對教育支出有一領先的關係，解釋了長期之下，國民所得的資訊可以用來預測教育支出成長的事實，同時也可以說明我國符合華格納法則中所提到之現象。
而就國防支出和國民所得而言，本文得出國民所得和國防支出存在雙向因果關係。當以國民所得作為被解釋變數時，可能因國防支出使用的效率，或者國防的支出確實提高有效需求並促進現代化，因而使國防支出對國民所得有顯著之影響。至於國民所得對國防支出的影響方面，我們就國防支出需求面來看國防預算的制定，是必須考慮所得的經濟因素。且依據華格納法則，隨著我國國民所得不斷增加，對於政府國防支出的需求，亦會相對提升。因此，吾人可以說國民所得增加會影響國防支出。

We are going to dicuss the long-run relationship between income and govnernment''s education and national defense expenditure in Taiwan.We start at testing wheather income ,education expenditure ,and national defense have unit or not. We find all the series have the characteristic of unit root.It shows that they are not stationary.Then we use Granger''s cointegration test,and see that the series of income and education got the relationship of cointegration,instead that of income and national defense. Finally,we test long- run relationship by Granger causality.Due to the existence of cointegration between income and education expenditure,we can use two-steps OLS to test whether there exist Granger causality between them,and we find income will affect education expenditure ,however education expenditure will not affect income.And we use F test to find the Granger causality between income and nation defenseand we get the conclusion that there exists a bilateral Granger causality.It means that they will affect each other.

　目　　　　錄
第一章 緒論……………………………………………… 　 1
第一節 經濟成長與政府支出……………………….. 1
第二節 研究方向……………………………………….. 5
第三節 本文架構……………………………………….. 6
第二章 相關探討及文獻回顧…………………………… 8
第一節 相關公共支出對經濟成長的文獻回顧……… 8
第二節 教育投資、支出及國防支出對經濟成長之影響… 11
第三節 國民所得對政府支出的影響………………… 23
第三章 計量方法………………………………………….. 29
第一節 單根檢定………………………………………… 29
第二節 共整合檢定………………………………………... 32
第三節 修正誤差模型…………………………………….. 34
第四節 因果關係檢定………………………………… 　　　36
第四章 模型設定及實證結果…………………… . 41
第一節 　模型的設定…………………………………… 41
第二節 單根和共整合檢定…………………………… . 42
第三節 修正誤差及因果檢定………………………….…. 47
第四節 實證結果之探討…………………………………. 55
第五章 結論與建議……………………………………… . 63
第一節　本文結論……………………………………….… 63
第二節　本文之建議…………………………………….…. 65
參考文獻……………………………………………………. 70
　

參考文獻
何嫈嫈 (1995)　人力資本與亞洲四小龍之經濟成長　中正國際經濟研究所碩士
　　　　　　　 論文。
林文達 (1984)　教育經濟學　頁15。
尚瑞國 (1993) 政府支出與經濟成長　政治大學經濟研究所碩士論文。
林博文 (1998)　我國國防預算之研究　政治大學公共行政研究所博士論文。
林　全 (1983) 美國國防支出需要的時間序列分析 一九六二---一九八一年
《財稅研究》第16卷 頁138。　
孫克難 (1991)　台灣地區政府產出之結構分析 台灣大學經濟研究所博士論文。
孫克難 (1999) 國防支出對經濟成長的影響 -　台灣實證研究 1999年中央經
　　　　　　　 濟研究所　公共經濟學研討會。
孫克難 (1983) 台灣地區政府支出結構與成長研究　中華經濟研究院　經濟專　　
　　　　　　　 論　第34期。
徐偉初、黃細清(1989)《現階段公共支出水準與結構之研究》財政部賦稅改革
　　　　　　　委員會。
徐偉初、王正 (1992) 《財政學》 空中大學出版　頁287~308。
韋端、何金巡 (1990) 我國公共支出結構研究之探討 財稅研究 第22期
　　　　　　　 p13~33。
黃仁德 (1995)　人力資本與經濟成長 - 台灣實證研究　國科會計劃專案。
陳式平 (1981) 《國防教育體制》　頁1~5。　
趙振瑛 (1998)　人力資本與經濟成長關係之研究　政治大學經濟研究所博士論
　　　　　　　 文。
葉金成 (1992) 國防預算的規劃策略　策略之運用及情境之評選　交通大學管
　　　　　　　 科學研究所博士論文。
劉榮超、周濟 (1984) 公共投資對民間部門的影響　中華經濟研究院　研究專
　　　　　　 論　第51期。
劉純之 (1994)　國防事務、經濟成長、社會福利　《國防事務研討專刊》　
　　　　　　　 頁13~14。
蘇彩足 (1993) 我國中央政府公共支出之結構與趨勢分析　國科會專題研究計
　　　　　　　 畫。
Arrow ,K.J. (1962) "The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing," Review of
Economic Studies , v29, pp155~173.
Aschauer,D.A. (1989) "Is Public Expenditure Productive? ," Journal of Monetary
Economics ,v23. ,pp177~199.
Barro (1990) "Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth ,"
Journal Of Political Economy ,v9, pp103~125.
Becker ,G.S.(1964) "Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis ,with
Special Reference to Education,?st edn, Princeton University Press .
Benoit (1973) "Defense and Economic Growth in Developing Countries Lexington ,"
Massachusetts:Lexington Books.
Benoit (1978) "Growth and Defense in Developing Countries ," Economic
Development and Cultural Change, v26, pp271~280.
Chan,S (1988) "Defense Burden and Economic Growth:Unraveling the Taiwan
Enigma," American Economic Review,v82 ,pp913~920.
Deger ,S. and R. P. Smith (1983) "Military Expenditure and Growth in the Less
Developed Countries ," Journal of Conflict Resolution, v27, pp335~353.
Dickey,D.A. and Fuller ,W.A (1981)" Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive
Time Series with a Unit Root ," Econometrica, v49, pp1057~1072.
Engle ,Robert F, and Byung S., Yoo (1987) "Forecasting and Testing in
Cointegrated Systems," Journal of Econometrics, v35, pp143~159.
Futagami,K ,Y. Morita and A.Shibata (1993) "Dynamic Analysis of an Endogenous
Growth Model with Public Capital," Journal of Economics, v95,pp607~625.
Granger ,C.W.J. (1988)" Some Recent Development in a Concept of Causality,"
Journal of Economics, v39.,pp199~211.
Granger, C.W.J. (1987) "Cointegration and Error Correction: representation ,
Estimation and Testing ," Ecomometrica , v55, pp251~276 .
Granger,C.W.J. (1969) "Investigating Causal Relation by Econometric Models and
Cross-Spectral Methods," Econometrica, v37 , pp424~438.
GewekeJ, R.Meese and W.Dent "Comparing Alternative Tests of Causality in
Temporal Systems," Journal of Economics ,v21, pp161~185.
Hendrik van den Berg ＆ James R. schmidt (1994) "Foreign Trade and Economic
Growth :Time Series Evidence from Latine American ," Journal of
international trade and development, pp249~269.
Hsiao,Cheng (1981) "Autoregressive Modeling and Causal Ordering of Economic
Variables," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, v4, pp243~259.
Jeording,W (1986) "Economic Growth and Defense spending :Granger causality",
Journal of Development Economics ,v21,pp35~40
Johansen and Katarana, Juselius (1990) "Maximum Likelihood Estimation and
Inference on Cointegration with Application to the Demand for Money,"
Oxford Bulletion of Economics and Statistics, v52 pp169~210.
Lin ,Chi-ang (1995) "More Evidence on Wagner''s Law for Mexico, "Public Finance,
v5, pp267~277.
Lucas R. E. (1988) "On The Mechanics of Economic Development," Journal of
Monetary Economics, v22.pp3~42.
MacKinnon J. (1991) "Critical Values for Cointegration Forthcoming in Modelling
Long Run Economic Relationships ," Oxford University Press, pp267~276.
MacKinnon J.G. and R. Davidson (1993) "Estimation And Inference in Economics ,"
Oxford University Press, pp715~722.
Mankiw ,G.D Romer ,And D.Weil (1992) "A Contribution to the Empirics of
Econometric Growth ," Quaterly Journal of Economic Growth, v107,
pp407~437.
Mann,Arthur J.(1990) "Wagner''s Law :An economic Test for Mexico ,1925-1976,"
National Tax Journal ,v33 pp189-201 .
Miquel Faig (1995) "A Simple Economy with Human Capital :Transitional
Dynamics, Technology Shocks and Fiscal Policies, " Journal of
macroeconomics, v17, pp421~446.
Nangarajan P. and A. Spear (1990) "An Economic Test of Wagner''s Law for
Mexico:A Re-examination," Public Finance ,v45(1) ,pp165-168.
Phillips ,P,C,B and Pierre Perron (1988) "Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series
Regression ," Biometrika ,v75,pp147~159.
Ram ,R.(1986) "Governmant Size and Economic Growth :A New Framework and
Some Evidence from Cross -section and Time Series Data ," American
Econometric Review, v76, pp191~203.
Rebelo,S ＆ R.G. King (1990) "Public Policy and Economic Growth : Developing
Neoclassical Implications," Journal of Political Economy , v98,pp126~150.
Romer ,P.M (1986) "Human Capital and Growth :Theory and Evidence" Carnegie
Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy , v32 ,pp251~286.
Said ,E. and David Dickey (1984) "Hypothesis Testing in ARIMA (p,1,q) Models",
Journal of the America- Statistical-Association pp369~374.
Sims,C. (1972) "Money ,Income ,and Causality, "American Economic Review, v62,
pp540~552.
Vasudeva Murthy N.R (1993) "Further Evidence of Wagner''s Law for Mexico: An
Application of Cointegration Analysis ," PublicFinance/FinancePubliques,
v48(1),pp92-96.
Weede,E (1983) "Military participations ratios ,Human Capital Formation ,and
Economic Growth: A cross-national Analysis ," Journal of Political and
Military Socialogy, v11, pp11~19.
William E. Cullison (1993) "Public Investment and Economic Growth," Federal
Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly, v79/4, pp19~33.
參考文獻
何嫈嫈 (1995)　人力資本與亞洲四小龍之經濟成長　中正國際經濟研究所碩士
　　　　　　　 論文。
林文達 (1984)　教育經濟學　頁15。
尚瑞國 (1993) 政府支出與經濟成長　政治大學經濟研究所碩士論文。
林博文 (1998)　我國國防預算之研究　政治大學公共行政研究所博士論文。
林　全 (1983) 美國國防支出需要的時間序列分析 一九六二---一九八一年
《財稅研究》第16卷 頁138。　
孫克難 (1991)　台灣地區政府產出之結構分析 台灣大學經濟研究所博士論文。
孫克難 (1999) 國防支出對經濟成長的影響 -　台灣實證研究 1999年中央經
　　　　　　　 濟研究所　公共經濟學研討會。
孫克難 (1983) 台灣地區政府支出結構與成長研究　中華經濟研究院　經濟專　　
　　　　　　　 論　第34期。
徐偉初、黃細清(1989)《現階段公共支出水準與結構之研究》財政部賦稅改革
　　　　　　　委員會。
徐偉初、王正 (1992) 《財政學》 空中大學出版　頁287~308。
韋端、何金巡 (1990) 我國公共支出結構研究之探討 財稅研究 第22期
　　　　　　　 p13~33。
黃仁德 (1995)　人力資本與經濟成長 - 台灣實證研究　國科會計劃專案。
陳式平 (1981) 《國防教育體制》　頁1~5。　
趙振瑛 (1998)　人力資本與經濟成長關係之研究　政治大學經濟研究所博士論
　　　　　　　 文。
葉金成 (1992) 國防預算的規劃策略　策略之運用及情境之評選　交通大學管
　　　　　　　 科學研究所博士論文。
劉榮超、周濟 (1984) 公共投資對民間部門的影響　中華經濟研究院　研究專
　　　　　　 論　第51期。
劉純之 (1994)　國防事務、經濟成長、社會福利　《國防事務研討專刊》　
　　　　　　　 頁13~14。
蘇彩足 (1993) 我國中央政府公共支出之結構與趨勢分析　國科會專題研究計
　　　　　　　 畫。
Arrow ,K.J. (1962) "The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing," Review of
Economic Studies , v29, pp155~173.
Aschauer,D.A. (1989) "Is Public Expenditure Productive? ," Journal of Monetary
Economics ,v23. ,pp177~199.
Barro (1990) "Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth ,"
Journal Of Political Economy ,v9, pp103~125.
Becker ,G.S.(1964) "Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis ,with
Special Reference to Education,?st edn, Princeton University Press .
Benoit (1973) "Defense and Economic Growth in Developing Countries Lexington ,"
Massachusetts:Lexington Books.
Benoit (1978) "Growth and Defense in Developing Countries ," Economic
Development and Cultural Change, v26, pp271~280.
Chan,S (1988) "Defense Burden and Economic Growth:Unraveling the Taiwan
Enigma," American Economic Review,v82 ,pp913~920.
Deger ,S. and R. P. Smith (1983) "Military Expenditure and Growth in the Less
Developed Countries ," Journal of Conflict Resolution, v27, pp335~353.
Dickey,D.A. and Fuller ,W.A (1981)" Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive
Time Series with a Unit Root ," Econometrica, v49, pp1057~1072.
Engle ,Robert F, and Byung S., Yoo (1987) "Forecasting and Testing in
Cointegrated Systems," Journal of Econometrics, v35, pp143~159.
Futagami,K ,Y. Morita and A.Shibata (1993) "Dynamic Analysis of an Endogenous
Growth Model with Public Capital," Journal of Economics, v95,pp607~625.
Granger ,C.W.J. (1988)" Some Recent Development in a Concept of Causality,"
Journal of Economics, v39.,pp199~211.
Granger, C.W.J. (1987) "Cointegration and Error Correction: representation ,
Estimation and Testing ," Ecomometrica , v55, pp251~276 .
Granger,C.W.J. (1969) "Investigating Causal Relation by Econometric Models and
Cross-Spectral Methods," Econometrica, v37 , pp424~438.
GewekeJ, R.Meese and W.Dent "Comparing Alternative Tests of Causality in
Temporal Systems," Journal of Economics ,v21, pp161~185.
Hendrik van den Berg ＆ James R. schmidt (1994) "Foreign Trade and Economic
Growth :Time Series Evidence from Latine American ," Journal of
international trade and development, pp249~269.
Hsiao,Cheng (1981) "Autoregressive Modeling and Causal Ordering of Economic
Variables," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, v4, pp243~259.
Jeording,W (1986) "Economic Growth and Defense spending :Granger causality",
Journal of Development Economics ,v21,pp35~40
Johansen and Katarana, Juselius (1990) "Maximum Likelihood Estimation and
Inference on Cointegration with Application to the Demand for Money,"
Oxford Bulletion of Economics and Statistics, v52 pp169~210.
Lin ,Chi-ang (1995) "More Evidence on Wagner''s Law for Mexico, "Public Finance,
v5, pp267~277.
Lucas R. E. (1988) "On The Mechanics of Economic Development," Journal of
Monetary Economics, v22.pp3~42.
MacKinnon J. (1991) "Critical Values for Cointegration Forthcoming in Modelling
Long Run Economic Relationships ," Oxford University Press, pp267~276.
MacKinnon J.G. and R. Davidson (1993) "Estimation And Inference in Economics ,"
Oxford University Press, pp715~722.
Mankiw ,G.D Romer ,And D.Weil (1992) "A Contribution to the Empirics of
Econometric Growth ," Quaterly Journal of Economic Growth, v107,
pp407~437.
Mann,Arthur J.(1990) "Wagner''s Law :An economic Test for Mexico ,1925-1976,"
National Tax Journal ,v33 pp189-201 .
Miquel Faig (1995) "A Simple Economy with Human Capital :Transitional
Dynamics, Technology Shocks and Fiscal Policies, " Journal of
macroeconomics, v17, pp421~446.
Nangarajan P. and A. Spear (1990) "An Economic Test of Wagner''s Law for
Mexico:A Re-examination," Public Finance ,v45(1) ,pp165-168.
Phillips ,P,C,B and Pierre Perron (1988) "Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series
Regression ," Biometrika ,v75,pp147~159.
Ram ,R.(1986) "Governmant Size and Economic Growth :A New Framework and
Some Evidence from Cross -section and Time Series Data ," American
Econometric Review, v76, pp191~203.
Rebelo,S ＆ R.G. King (1990) "Public Policy and Economic Growth : Developing
Neoclassical Implications," Journal of Political Economy , v98,pp126~150.
Romer ,P.M (1986) "Human Capital and Growth :Theory and Evidence" Carnegie
Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy , v32 ,pp251~286.
Said ,E. and David Dickey (1984) "Hypothesis Testing in ARIMA (p,1,q) Models",
Journal of the America- Statistical-Association pp369~374.
Sims,C. (1972) "Money ,Income ,and Causality, "American Economic Review, v62,
pp540~552.
Vasudeva Murthy N.R (1993) "Further Evidence of Wagner''s Law for Mexico: An
Application of Cointegration Analysis ," PublicFinance/FinancePubliques,
v48(1),pp92-96.
Weede,E (1983) "Military participations ratios ,Human Capital Formation ,and
Economic Growth: A cross-national Analysis ," Journal of Political and
Military Socialogy, v11, pp11~19.
William E. Cullison (1993) "Public Investment and Economic Growth," Federal
Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly, v79/4, pp19~33.
參考文獻
何嫈嫈 (1995)　人力資本與亞洲四小龍之經濟成長　中正國際經濟研究所碩士
　　　　　　　 論文。
林文達 (1984)　教育經濟學　頁15。
尚瑞國 (1993) 政府支出與經濟成長　政治大學經濟研究所碩士論文。
林博文 (1998)　我國國防預算之研究　政治大學公共行政研究所博士論文。
林　全 (1983) 美國國防支出需要的時間序列分析 一九六二---一九八一年
《財稅研究》第16卷 頁138。　
孫克難 (1991)　台灣地區政府產出之結構分析 台灣大學經濟研究所博士論文。
孫克難 (1999) 國防支出對經濟成長的影響 -　台灣實證研究 1999年中央經
　　　　　　　 濟研究所　公共經濟學研討會。
孫克難 (1983) 台灣地區政府支出結構與成長研究　中華經濟研究院　經濟專　　
　　　　　　　 論　第34期。
徐偉初、黃細清(1989)《現階段公共支出水準與結構之研究》財政部賦稅改革
　　　　　　　委員會。
徐偉初、王正 (1992) 《財政學》 空中大學出版　頁287~308。
韋端、何金巡 (1990) 我國公共支出結構研究之探討 財稅研究 第22期
　　　　　　　 p13~33。
黃仁德 (1995)　人力資本與經濟成長 - 台灣實證研究　國科會計劃專案。
陳式平 (1981) 《國防教育體制》　頁1~5。　
趙振瑛 (1998)　人力資本與經濟成長關係之研究　政治大學經濟研究所博士論
　　　　　　　 文。
葉金成 (1992) 國防預算的規劃策略　策略之運用及情境之評選　交通大學管
　　　　　　　 科學研究所博士論文。
劉榮超、周濟 (1984) 公共投資對民間部門的影響　中華經濟研究院　研究專
　　　　　　 論　第51期。
劉純之 (1994)　國防事務、經濟成長、社會福利　《國防事務研討專刊》　
　　　　　　　 頁13~14。
蘇彩足 (1993) 我國中央政府公共支出之結構與趨勢分析　國科會專題研究計
　　　　　　　 畫。
Arrow ,K.J. (1962) "The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing," Review of
Economic Studies , v29, pp155~173.
Aschauer,D.A. (1989) "Is Public Expenditure Productive? ," Journal of Monetary
Economics ,v23. ,pp177~199.
Barro (1990) "Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth ,"
Journal Of Political Economy ,v9, pp103~125.
Becker ,G.S.(1964) "Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis ,with
Special Reference to Education,?st edn, Princeton University Press .
Benoit (1973) "Defense and Economic Growth in Developing Countries Lexington ,"
Massachusetts:Lexington Books.
Benoit (1978) "Growth and Defense in Developing Countries ," Economic
Development and Cultural Change, v26, pp271~280.
Chan,S (1988) "Defense Burden and Economic Growth:Unraveling the Taiwan
Enigma," American Economic Review,v82 ,pp913~920.
Deger ,S. and R. P. Smith (1983) "Military Expenditure and Growth in the Less
Developed Countries ," Journal of Conflict Resolution, v27, pp335~353.
Dickey,D.A. and Fuller ,W.A (1981)" Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive
Time Series with a Unit Root ," Econometrica, v49, pp1057~1072.
Engle ,Robert F, and Byung S., Yoo (1987) "Forecasting and Testing in
Cointegrated Systems," Journal of Econometrics, v35, pp143~159.
Futagami,K ,Y. Morita and A.Shibata (1993) "Dynamic Analysis of an Endogenous
Growth Model with Public Capital," Journal of Economics, v95,pp607~625.
Granger ,C.W.J. (1988)" Some Recent Development in a Concept of Causality,"
Journal of Economics, v39.,pp199~211.
Granger, C.W.J. (1987) "Cointegration and Error Correction: representation ,
Estimation and Testing ," Ecomometrica , v55, pp251~276 .
Granger,C.W.J. (1969) "Investigating Causal Relation by Econometric Models and
Cross-Spectral Methods," Econometrica, v37 , pp424~438.
GewekeJ, R.Meese and W.Dent "Comparing Alternative Tests of Causality in
Temporal Systems," Journal of Economics ,v21, pp161~185.
Hendrik van den Berg ＆ James R. schmidt (1994) "Foreign Trade and Economic
Growth :Time Series Evidence from Latine American ," Journal of
international trade and development, pp249~269.
Hsiao,Cheng (1981) "Autoregressive Modeling and Causal Ordering of Economic
Variables," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, v4, pp243~259.
Jeording,W (1986) "Economic Growth and Defense spending :Granger causality",
Journal of Development Economics ,v21,pp35~40
Johansen and Katarana, Juselius (1990) "Maximum Likelihood Estimation and
Inference on Cointegration with Application to the Demand for Money,"
Oxford Bulletion of Economics and Statistics, v52 pp169~210.
Lin ,Chi-ang (1995) "More Evidence on Wagner''s Law for Mexico, "Public Finance,
v5, pp267~277.
Lucas R. E. (1988) "On The Mechanics of Economic Development," Journal of
Monetary Economics, v22.pp3~42.
MacKinnon J. (1991) "Critical Values for Cointegration Forthcoming in Modelling
Long Run Economic Relationships ," Oxford University Press, pp267~276.
MacKinnon J.G. and R. Davidson (1993) "Estimation And Inference in Economics ,"
Oxford University Press, pp715~722.
Mankiw ,G.D Romer ,And D.Weil (1992) "A Contribution to the Empirics of
Econometric Growth ," Quaterly Journal of Economic Growth, v107,
pp407~437.
Mann,Arthur J.(1990) "Wagner''s Law :An economic Test for Mexico ,1925-1976,"
National Tax Journal ,v33 pp189-201 .
Miquel Faig (1995) "A Simple Economy with Human Capital :Transitional
Dynamics, Technology Shocks and Fiscal Policies, " Journal of
macroeconomics, v17, pp421~446.
Nangarajan P. and A. Spear (1990) "An Economic Test of Wagner''s Law for
Mexico:A Re-examination," Public Finance ,v45(1) ,pp165-168.
Phillips ,P,C,B and Pierre Perron (1988) "Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series
Regression ," Biometrika ,v75,pp147~159.
Ram ,R.(1986) "Governmant Size and Economic Growth :A New Framework and
Some Evidence from Cross -section and Time Series Data ," American
Econometric Review, v76, pp191~203.
Rebelo,S ＆ R.G. King (1990) "Public Policy and Economic Growth : Developing
Neoclassical Implications," Journal of Political Economy , v98,pp126~150.
Romer ,P.M (1986) "Human Capital and Growth :Theory and Evidence" Carnegie
Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy , v32 ,pp251~286.
Said ,E. and David Dickey (1984) "Hypothesis Testing in ARIMA (p,1,q) Models",
Journal of the America- Statistical-Association pp369~374.
Sims,C. (1972) "Money ,Income ,and Causality, "American Economic Review, v62,
pp540~552.
Vasudeva Murthy N.R (1993) "Further Evidence of Wagner''s Law for Mexico: An
Application of Cointegration Analysis ," PublicFinance/FinancePubliques,
v48(1),pp92-96.
Weede,E (1983) "Military participations ratios ,Human Capital Formation ,and
Economic Growth: A cross-national Analysis ," Journal of Political and
Military Socialogy, v11, pp11~19.
William E. Cullison (1993) "Public Investment and Economic Growth," Federal
Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly, v79/4, pp19~33.
參考文獻
何嫈嫈 (1995)　人力資本與亞洲四小龍之經濟成長　中正國際經濟研究所碩士
　　　　　　　 論文。
林文達 (1984)　教育經濟學　頁15。
尚瑞國 (1993) 政府支出與經濟成長　政治大學經濟研究所碩士論文。
林博文 (1998)　我國國防預算之研究　政治大學公共行政研究所博士論文。
林　全 (1983) 美國國防支出需要的時間序列分析 一九六二---一九八一年
《財稅研究》第16卷 頁138。　
孫克難 (1991)　台灣地區政府產出之結構分析 台灣大學經濟研究所博士論文。
孫克難 (1999) 國防支出對經濟成長的影響 -　台灣實證研究 1999年中央經
　　　　　　　 濟研究所　公共經濟學研討會。
孫克難 (1983) 台灣地區政府支出結構與成長研究　中華經濟研究院　經濟專　　
　　　　　　　 論　第34期。
徐偉初、黃細清(1989)《現階段公共支出水準與結構之研究》財政部賦稅改革
　　　　　　　委員會。
徐偉初、王正 (1992) 《財政學》 空中大學出版　頁287~308。
韋端、何金巡 (1990) 我國公共支出結構研究之探討 財稅研究 第22期
　　　　　　　 p13~33。
黃仁德 (1995)　人力資本與經濟成長 - 台灣實證研究　國科會計劃專案。
陳式平 (1981) 《國防教育體制》　頁1~5。　
趙振瑛 (1998)　人力資本與經濟成長關係之研究　政治大學經濟研究所博士論
　　　　　　　 文。
葉金成 (1992) 國防預算的規劃策略　策略之運用及情境之評選　交通大學管
　　　　　　　 科學研究所博士論文。
劉榮超、周濟 (1984) 公共投資對民間部門的影響　中華經濟研究院　研究專
　　　　　　 論　第51期。
劉純之 (1994)　國防事務、經濟成長、社會福利　《國防事務研討專刊》　
　　　　　　　 頁13~14。
蘇彩足 (1993) 我國中央政府公共支出之結構與趨勢分析　國科會專題研究計
　　　　　　　 畫。
Arrow ,K.J. (1962) "The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing," Review of
Economic Studies , v29, pp155~173.
Aschauer,D.A. (1989) "Is Public Expenditure Productive? ," Journal of Monetary
Economics ,v23. ,pp177~199.
Barro (1990) "Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth ,"
Journal Of Political Economy ,v9, pp103~125.
Becker ,G.S.(1964) "Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis ,with
Special Reference to Education,?st edn, Princeton University Press .
Benoit (1973) "Defense and Economic Growth in Developing Countries Lexington ,"
Massachusetts:Lexington Books.
Benoit (1978) "Growth and Defense in Developing Countries ," Economic
Development and Cultural Change, v26, pp271~280.
Chan,S (1988) "Defense Burden and Economic Growth:Unraveling the Taiwan
Enigma," American Economic Review,v82 ,pp913~920.
Deger ,S. and R. P. Smith (1983) "Military Expenditure and Growth in the Less
Developed Countries ," Journal of Conflict Resolution, v27, pp335~353.
Dickey,D.A. and Fuller ,W.A (1981)" Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive
Time Series with a Unit Root ," Econometrica, v49, pp1057~1072.
Engle ,Robert F, and Byung S., Yoo (1987) "Forecasting and Testing in
Cointegrated Systems," Journal of Econometrics, v35, pp143~159.
Futagami,K ,Y. Morita and A.Shibata (1993) "Dynamic Analysis of an Endogenous
Growth Model with Public Capital," Journal of Economics, v95,pp607~625.
Granger ,C.W.J. (1988)" Some Recent Development in a Concept of Causality,"
Journal of Economics, v39.,pp199~211.
Granger, C.W.J. (1987) "Cointegration and Error Correction: representation ,
Estimation and Testing ," Ecomometrica , v55, pp251~276 .
Granger,C.W.J. (1969) "Investigating Causal Relation by Econometric Models and
Cross-Spectral Methods," Econometrica, v37 , pp424~438.
GewekeJ, R.Meese and W.Dent "Comparing Alternative Tests of Causality in
Temporal Systems," Journal of Economics ,v21, pp161~185.
Hendrik van den Berg ＆ James R. schmidt (1994) "Foreign Trade and Economic
Growth :Time Series Evidence from Latine American ," Journal of
international trade and development, pp249~269.
Hsiao,Cheng (1981) "Autoregressive Modeling and Causal Ordering of Economic
Variables," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, v4, pp243~259.
Jeording,W (1986) "Economic Growth and Defense spending :Granger causality",
Journal of Development Economics ,v21,pp35~40
Johansen and Katarana, Juselius (1990) "Maximum Likelihood Estimation and
Inference on Cointegration with Application to the Demand for Money,"
Oxford Bulletion of Economics and Statistics, v52 pp169~210.
Lin ,Chi-ang (1995) "More Evidence on Wagner''s Law for Mexico, "Public Finance,
v5, pp267~277.
Lucas R. E. (1988) "On The Mechanics of Economic Development," Journal of
Monetary Economics, v22.pp3~42.
MacKinnon J. (1991) "Critical Values for Cointegration Forthcoming in Modelling
Long Run Economic Relationships ," Oxford University Press, pp267~276.
MacKinnon J.G. and R. Davidson (1993) "Estimation And Inference in Economics ,"
Oxford University Press, pp715~722.
Mankiw ,G.D Romer ,And D.Weil (1992) "A Contribution to the Empirics of
Econometric Growth ," Quaterly Journal of Economic Growth, v107,
pp407~437.
Mann,Arthur J.(1990) "Wagner''s Law :An economic Test for Mexico ,1925-1976,"
National Tax Journal ,v33 pp189-201 .
Miquel Faig (1995) "A Simple Economy with Human Capital :Transitional
Dynamics, Technology Shocks and Fiscal Policies, " Journal of
macroeconomics, v17, pp421~446.
Nangarajan P. and A. Spear (1990) "An Economic Test of Wagner''s Law for
Mexico:A Re-examination," Public Finance ,v45(1) ,pp165-168.
Phillips ,P,C,B and Pierre Perron (1988) "Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series
Regression ," Biometrika ,v75,pp147~159.
Ram ,R.(1986) "Governmant Size and Economic Growth :A New Framework and
Some Evidence from Cross -section and Time Series Data ," American
Econometric Review, v76, pp191~203.
Rebelo,S ＆ R.G. King (1990) "Public Policy and Economic Growth : Developing
Neoclassical Implications," Journal of Political Economy , v98,pp126~150.
Romer ,P.M (1986) "Human Capital and Growth :Theory and Evidence" Carnegie
Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy , v32 ,pp251~286.
Said ,E. and David Dickey (1984) "Hypothesis Testing in ARIMA (p,1,q) Models",
Journal of the America- Statistical-Association pp369~374.
Sims,C. (1972) "Money ,Income ,and Causality, "American Economic Review, v62,
pp540~552.
Vasudeva Murthy N.R (1993) "Further Evidence of Wagner''s Law for Mexico: An
Application of Cointegration Analysis ," PublicFinance/FinancePubliques,
v48(1),pp92-96.
Weede,E (1983) "Military participations ratios ,Human Capital Formation ,and
Economic Growth: A cross-national Analysis ," Journal of Political and
Military Socialogy, v11, pp11~19.
William E. Cullison (1993) "Public Investment and Economic Growth," Federal
Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly, v79/4, pp19~33.
　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
參考文獻
何嫈嫈 (1995)　人力資本與亞洲四小龍之經濟成長　中正國際經濟研究所碩士
　　　　　　　 論文。
林文達 (1984)　教育經濟學　頁15。
尚瑞國 (1993) 政府支出與經濟成長　政治大學經濟研究所碩士論文。
林博文 (1998)　我國國防預算之研究　政治大學公共行政研究所博士論文。
林　全 (1983) 美國國防支出需要的時間序列分析 一九六二---一九八一年
《財稅研究》第16卷 頁138。　
孫克難 (1991)　台灣地區政府產出之結構分析 台灣大學經濟研究所博士論文。
孫克難 (1999) 國防支出對經濟成長的影響 -　台灣實證研究 1999年中央經
　　　　　　　 濟研究所　公共經濟學研討會。
孫克難 (1983) 台灣地區政府支出結構與成長研究　中華經濟研究院　經濟專　　
　　　　　　　 論　第34期。
徐偉初、黃細清(1989)《現階段公共支出水準與結構之研究》財政部賦稅改革
　　　　　　　委員會。
徐偉初、王正 (1992) 《財政學》 空中大學出版　頁287~308。
韋端、何金巡 (1990) 我國公共支出結構研究之探討 財稅研究 第22期
　　　　　　　 p13~33。
黃仁德 (1995)　人力資本與經濟成長 - 台灣實證研究　國科會計劃專案。
陳式平 (1981) 《國防教育體制》　頁1~5。　
趙振瑛 (1998)　人力資本與經濟成長關係之研究　政治大學經濟研究所博士論
　　　　　　　 文。
葉金成 (1992) 國防預算的規劃策略　策略之運用及情境之評選　交通大學管
　　　　　　　 科學研究所博士論文。
劉榮超、周濟 (1984) 公共投資對民間部門的影響　中華經濟研究院　研究專
　　　　　　 論　第51期。
劉純之 (1994)　國防事務、經濟成長、社會福利　《國防事務研討專刊》　
　　　　　　　 頁13~14。
蘇彩足 (1993) 我國中央政府公共支出之結構與趨勢分析　國科會專題研究計
　　　　　　　 畫。
Arrow ,K.J. (1962) "The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing," Review of
Economic Studies , v29, pp155~173.
Aschauer,D.A. (1989) "Is Public Expenditure Productive? ," Journal of Monetary
Economics ,v23. ,pp177~199.
Barro (1990) "Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth ,"
Journal Of Political Economy ,v9, pp103~125.
Becker ,G.S.(1964) "Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis ,with
Special Reference to Education,?st edn, Princeton University Press .
Benoit (1973) "Defense and Economic Growth in Developing Countries Lexington ,"
Massachusetts:Lexington Books.
Benoit (1978) "Growth and Defense in Developing Countries ," Economic
Development and Cultural Change, v26, pp271~280.
Chan,S (1988) "Defense Burden and Economic Growth:Unraveling the Taiwan
Enigma," American Economic Review,v82 ,pp913~920.
Deger ,S. and R. P. Smith (1983) "Military Expenditure and Growth in the Less
Developed Countries ," Journal of Conflict Resolution, v27, pp335~353.
Dickey,D.A. and Fuller ,W.A (1981)" Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive
Time Series with a Unit Root ," Econometrica, v49, pp1057~1072.
Engle ,Robert F, and Byung S., Yoo (1987) "Forecasting and Testing in
Cointegrated Systems," Journal of Econometrics, v35, pp143~159.
Futagami,K ,Y. Morita and A.Shibata (1993) "Dynamic Analysis of an Endogenous
Growth Model with Public Capital," Journal of Economics, v95,pp607~625.
Granger ,C.W.J. (1988)" Some Recent Development in a Concept of Causality,"
Journal of Economics, v39.,pp199~211.
Granger, C.W.J. (1987) "Cointegration and Error Correction: representation ,
Estimation and Testing ," Ecomometrica , v55, pp251~276 .
Granger,C.W.J. (1969) "Investigating Causal Relation by Econometric Models and
Cross-Spectral Methods," Econometrica, v37 , pp424~438.
GewekeJ, R.Meese and W.Dent "Comparing Alternative Tests of Causality in
Temporal Systems," Journal of Economics ,v21, pp161~185.
Hendrik van den Berg ＆ James R. schmidt (1994) "Foreign Trade and Economic
Growth :Time Series Evidence from Latine American ," Journal of
international trade and development, pp249~269.
Hsiao,Cheng (1981) "Autoregressive Modeling and Causal Ordering of Economic
Variables," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, v4, pp243~259.
Jeording,W (1986) "Economic Growth and Defense spending :Granger causality",
Journal of Development Economics ,v21,pp35~40
Johansen and Katarana, Juselius (1990) "Maximum Likelihood Estimation and
Inference on Cointegration with Application to the Demand for Money,"
Oxford Bulletion of Economics and Statistics, v52 pp169~210.
Lin ,Chi-ang (1995) "More Evidence on Wagner''s Law for Mexico, "Public Finance,
v5, pp267~277.
Lucas R. E. (1988) "On The Mechanics of Economic Development," Journal of
Monetary Economics, v22.pp3~42.
MacKinnon J. (1991) "Critical Values for Cointegration Forthcoming in Modelling
Long Run Economic Relationships ," Oxford University Press, pp267~276.
MacKinnon J.G. and R. Davidson (1993) "Estimation And Inference in Economics ,"
Oxford University Press, pp715~722.
Mankiw ,G.D Romer ,And D.Weil (1992) "A Contribution to the Empirics of
Econometric Growth ," Quaterly Journal of Economic Growth, v107,
pp407~437.
Mann,Arthur J.(1990) "Wagner''s Law :An economic Test for Mexico ,1925-1976,"
National Tax Journal ,v33 pp189-201 .
Miquel Faig (1995) "A Simple Economy with Human Capital :Transitional
Dynamics, Technology Shocks and Fiscal Policies, " Journal of
macroeconomics, v17, pp421~446.
Nangarajan P. and A. Spear (1990) "An Economic Test of Wagner''s Law for
Mexico:A Re-examination," Public Finance ,v45(1) ,pp165-168.
Phillips ,P,C,B and Pierre Perron (1988) "Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series
Regression ," Biometrika ,v75,pp147~159.
Ram ,R.(1986) "Governmant Size and Economic Growth :A New Framework and
Some Evidence from Cross -section and Time Series Data ," American
Econometric Review, v76, pp191~203.
Rebelo,S ＆ R.G. King (1990) "Public Policy and Economic Growth : Developing
Neoclassical Implications," Journal of Political Economy , v98,pp126~150.
Romer ,P.M (1986) "Human Capital and Growth :Theory and Evidence" Carnegie
Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy , v32 ,pp251~286.
Said ,E. and David Dickey (1984) "Hypothesis Testing in ARIMA (p,1,q) Models",
Journal of the America- Statistical-Association pp369~374.
Sims,C. (1972) "Money ,Income ,and Causality, "American Economic Review, v62,
pp540~552.
Vasudeva Murthy N.R (1993) "Further Evidence of Wagner''s Law for Mexico: An
Application of Cointegration Analysis ," PublicFinance/FinancePubliques,
v48(1),pp92-96.
Weede,E (1983) "Military participations ratios ,Human Capital Formation ,and
Economic Growth: A cross-national Analysis ," Journal of Political and
Military Socialogy, v11, pp11~19.
William E. Cullison (1993) "Public Investment and Economic Growth," Federal
Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly, v79/4, pp19~33.