臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

洛克沙砷(Roxarsone,3-nitro-4- hydroxyphenyl)是有機砷劑被廣泛添加於飼料中藉以控制家禽腸道內球蟲病及促進家禽生長，因此導致家禽糞普遍含砷，家禽糞肥通常施用於農田當作肥料使用，一般用於旱田居多，但是中國華南地區將家禽糞肥施用水稻田當作氮肥使用，目前也在推廣水稻田有機栽培，而家禽糞肥為有機肥料之一，家禽糞肥中含砷進入農田後能被作物吸收而導致農產品砷污染可能嚴重危害人體健康，本研究利用水稻(Oryza sativa L.)盆栽試驗於土壤中添加不同含量洛克沙砷(0,25,50,100,200mg/kg)及乾雞糞肥(4t/ha及8t/ha)，以評估洛克沙砷對於水稻農藝參數影響(株高、分蘗數、產量及千粒重)、水稻植物體各部位(根、莖、葉、稻殼及稻米)中砷累積及砷物種含量，實驗結果顯示水稻株高、分蘗數、產量及千粒重隨土壤中洛克沙砷含量增加而明顯減少，土壤中含洛克沙砷200mg/kg導致水稻枯萎，根、莖、葉、稻殼及稻米(糙米)中砷含量隨土壤中洛克沙砷含量增加而顯著增加(P＜0.01)且以無機砷型態存在，土壤中含洛克沙砷100mg/kg之稻米中總砷含量已超過澳洲食品衛生最大容許限值1.0mg/kg標準，土壤中含洛克沙砷25mg/kg之稻米中無機砷含量已中國最大容許限值0.15mg/kg標準。水稻植物體各部位砷累積差異大，在所有處理別之水稻植物體各部位砷含量大小依序為：根＞莖＞葉＞稻殼＞稻米(糙米)。稻根及莖中含As(Ⅲ)(亞砷酸鹽)及As(V)(砷酸鹽)且以As(Ⅲ)為優勢物種，稻葉中含As(Ⅲ)及As(V)但是以As(V)為優勢物，稻殼僅偵測As(V)及稻米(糙米)僅偵測As(Ⅲ)，雞糞肥施用量與稻根中As(Ⅲ)及As(V)無顯著相關。本研究結果顯示土壤中含洛克沙砷25mg/kg以上不僅毒害水稻且造成稻米中無機砷累積經由攝取稻米而提高人體砷暴露風險。

Poultry litter is widely used as a fertilizer for lowland rice in Taiwan and China. However, the organic-arsenic compound roxarsone (additive of poultry feed) in poultry litter can be absorbed by the plants and the resulting arsenic (As) contamination may pose a serious threat to human health. This study used various amounts of poultry litter contaminated with roxarsone in pot experiments to evaluate the effect of roxarsone on rice agronomic parameters and the bioaccumulation of total and inorganic As in rice plant tissues. Rice grain yield decreased significantly with increasing As content of the soil, and the critical threshold that killed rice was 200 mg roxarsone kg-1 soil. The As concentrations in root, straw, leaf, husk, and grain increased with increasing soil As (P < 1%). At 100 mg roxarsone kg-1 of soil, the As concentration in the rice grain exceeded the statutory permissible limit of 1.0 mg As kg-1 dry weight and at 25 mg roxarsone kg-1 of soil, the inorganic As concentrations in grains exceeded the statutory limit of 0.15 mg of inorganic As kg-1 in China. For all treatments, the As concentrations in various plant tissues at maturity follow the order: root > stem > leaf > husk > grain. Arsenite was the predominant species in root, straw, and grain, while arsenate was the predominant species in leaf and husk. No significant difference existed between the amounts of arsenite and arsenate when various amounts of poultry litter were applied. This result illustrates that large amounts of added roxarsone are not only toxic to rice but also accumulate in grains in the inorganic As forms, potentially posing a threat to human health via the food chain.

摘要 I
Abstract II
符號說明 III
圖目錄 Ⅶ
表目錄 Ⅸ

第一章 前 言 1
1.1 研究動機 3
1.2 研究目的 4
1.3 研究流程 4
第二章 文獻回顧 6
2.1洛克沙砷 6
2.1.1 洛克沙砷用途 6
2.1.2 洛克沙砷之物理及化學特性 6
2.1.3 洛克沙砷之毒性與代謝 7
2.1.4 雞糞中砷含量及砷物種 8
2.1.5 家禽糞肥含砷對於環境的影響 11
2.2 砷 13
2.2.1 環境中砷來源 13
2.2.2 土壤及水體中砷物種 14
2.2.3 土壤中砷含量 17
2.2.4 地下水中砷含量 18
2.2.5 砷影響地區污染農作物 23
2.2.6 砷的攝食安全標準 25
2.2.7 砷於人體之毒性與代謝 28
2.3 水稻與砷 30
2.3.1 水稻田砷來源 30
2.3.2 砷於農田之揮發損失 33
2.3.3 水稻吸收砷途徑 33
2.3.4 水稻砷毒害 37
2.3.5 砷於水稻植物體中累積 38
2.3.6 砷於植物體中遷移 44
2.3.7 砷於植物體中代謝 45
第三章 材料與方法 47
3.1 洛克沙砷在湛水土壤中砷物種組成試驗(孵育試驗) 47
3.2 水稻盆栽試驗 47
3.2.1 洛克沙砷及雞糞肥處理別 47
3.2.2 氮肥施用量 49
3.2.3 生育期間灌溉管理 50
3.3 樣本收集及前處理 50
3.3.1 水樣本收集及前處理 50
3.3.2 植物體及土壤樣本收集及前處理 50
3.4 總砷及物種砷分析 51
3.4.1 試劑 51
3.4.2 總砷分析 52
3.4.3 物種砷分析 53
3.5 統計分析 53
第四章 結 果 55
4.1 湛水土壤之Eh及pH 55
4.1.1 孵育試驗 55
4.1.2 水稻盆栽試驗 55
4.2 洛克沙砷進入淹水土壤之砷物種 56
4.2.1孵育試驗之土壤溶液中砷物種變化 56
4.2.2水稻盆栽試驗之土壤溶液中砷物種變化 57
4.3 洛克沙砷對水稻農藝參數影響 58
4.3-1 水稻株高 58
4.3-2 分蘗數 61
4.3-3 水稻地上物乾重(不含稻穗) 62
4.3-4 稻穀產量 63
4.3-5 稻穀千粒重 64
4-4 水稻植物體中總砷及砷物種含量 65
4.4.1 稻根中總砷及砷物種 65
4.4.2 稻桿中總砷及砷物種 68
4.4.3 稻葉中總砷及砷物種 71
4.4.4 稻殼中總砷及砷物種 74
4.4.5 稻米(糙米)中總紳及砷物種 77
4.5 水稻植物體中砷物種淬取率 80
4.6 土壤總砷含量影響農藝參數 81
4.7 植物體各部位無機砷含量之相關性 85
4.8 稻殼與稻米中砷含量之關係 88
第五章 討 論 90
5.1 洛克沙砷於土壤中砷物種轉化 90
5.2 砷毒害水稻 91
5.2.1 水稻致死量 91
5.2.2 砷抑制水稻生長及產量 92
5.3 砷於水稻植物體各部位累積及傳輸係數(Transfer Factor) 99
5.4水稻植物體各部位中砷物種 103
5.4.1 稻根中砷物種 103
5.4.2 稻桿中砷物種 105
5.4.3 稻葉中砷物種 106
5.4.4 稻殼中砷物種 107
5.4.5 糙米中砷物種 107
5.4.6 水稻植物體各部位無機砷含量及遷移 108
5.5 砷物種於植物體中遷移及變化 110
5.6 稻米普遍含砷 112
5.7 稻米中總砷與無機砷相關性 113
5.8 攝食砷污染稻米之潛在威脅 114
5.9 稻桿中砷含量對於牛及人體健康的危害 121
第六章 結論與建議 123
6.1 結 論 123
6.2 建 議 126
參考文獻 127

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