臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

目的：比較不同負荷之游泳訓練對兒童游泳成績（25公尺、100公尺捷式）、生長激素（GH）、甲狀腺素（T3、T4）及促甲狀腺素（TSH）的影響。材料與方法：以50名10-13歲國小學生為受試對象，分別為35名校隊組（訓練至少一年以上）與15名非校隊組（未接受訓練），校隊組平均身高143.2±12.6cm、體重37.2±10.8kg，非校隊組平均身高142.1±10.2cm，體重34.45±7.98kg。研究開始前進行前測，訓練4週後進行中測，訓練12週結束後進行後測。校隊組每週訓練5天，每天約1.5小時，非校隊組每週訓練3天，每天約1小時。三次檢測統一於上午8點進行靜脈採血（採血前需空腹8小時），分析血漿中GH、T3、T4及TSH的濃度值。研究結果統計方法均為二因子變異數分析。結果：一、校隊組GH自前測至後測均顯著高於非校隊組（p＜.05），但兩組在T3、T4及TSH則無差異。二、兩組的T3於第四週訓練後皆明顯上升（p<.05）、TSH先明顯上升後明顯下降（p<.05）、T4則無明顯改變。三、十二週不同負荷之游泳訓練中，兩組自第四週起均顯著進步（p＜.05），第十二週亦比第四週進步（p<.05）。結論：長期游泳訓練對於骨骼、肌肉的正常生長發育應有正面的幫助。一週三次訓練使初期接觸游泳訓練之兒童的游泳成績有明顯進步；對初級選手來說，一週五次的訓練亦使其游泳表現穩定提升。

Purpose: To investigate the effect of different load swimming training on children’s performance (25m and 100m free style), growth hormone (GH), thyroid hormone (T3,T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration. Methods: There were 35 male swimming team members (at least trained one year) and 15 general students (hadn’t received any training), ages from 10 to 13 years old, were recruited as the subjects of this study. The average high and weight of training boys and general boys were 143.2 +- 12.6cm and 37.2+-10.8kg, and142.1+-10.2 cm and 34.45+-7.98kg, respectively. The training load was 5 days per week, 1.5 hours each day for training team members and 3 days per week, one hour each session for general boys and lasted for 12 weeks. The blood samples were taken before training, after 4 weeks of training and after 12 weeks of training at 8 am after 8 hours fasting for GH, TSH, T3 and T4 analysis. The collected data were analyzed with 2-way ANOVA. Results: 1, The GH concentrations of trained members were significantly higher (p<.05) than that of general boys from pre test to post test. However, there were no significant differences of T3, T4, and TSH between two groups at different tests. 2, The T3 after 4 weeks and after 12 weeks of training of both groups were significantly higher than that of pre test. The TSH after 4 weeks of training was significantly higher than pre test and then dropped significantly (P<.05). The T4 was not different among different testing periods. 3, the 25m and 100m performances were improved significantly after 4 weeks of training, and the performances of 12 weeks of training were better than that of 4 weeks of training. Conclusions: The prolonged swimming training will increase children GH level may benefit the muscular and bone growth. The training programs 3 days per week for general children and 5 days per week for team
members will improve their swimming performance.

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
謝 誌 iii
目 次 iv
表 次 v
圖 次 vi
第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 問題背景 1
第二節 研究目的 4
第三節 名詞操作性定義 4
第四節 研究範圍與限制 5
第五節 研究的重要性 6
第貳章 文獻探討 7
第一節 生長激素的功能 7
第二節 運動對生長激素的影響 9
第三節 甲狀腺素的功能 12
第四節 運動對甲狀腺素的影響 13
第參章 研究方法與步驟 16
第一節 研究對象 16
第二節 實驗時間與地點 16
第三節 實驗方法與設計 16
第四節 實驗方法與步驟 19
第五節 統計分析 20
第肆章 結果 21
第一節 受試者基本資料 21
第二節 各變項之變化與比較 21
第伍章 討論與結論 31
第一節 受試者 31
第二節 訓練對游泳成績的影響 32
第三節 訓練對生長激素與甲狀腺素的影響 33
第四節 結論 38
第五節 建議 38
引用文獻 39
附錄一 受試者同意書 44
作者小傳 45

引用文獻
中文部分：
王翠敏（1998）。人類生長激素在運動上之違規使用。大專體育，37，131-137。
林正常（1996）。運動生理學實驗指引。台北：師大書苑。
林正常（總校閱）、蔡崇濱、劉立宇、林政冬、吳忠芳（譯）（2001）。運動訓練法。台北市：藝軒。( Bompa, T. O., 1999 )
陳國群（1999）。臨床內分泌學。台北市：藝軒。
劉丹、何加才、商瑞華、楊秀武（1994）。為國家女子足球隊備戰首屆世界杯進行訓練控制的研究。體育科學，14(2)，39-43。
西文部分：
Alen, M., Pakarinen, A., & Hakkinen, K. (1993). Effects of prolonged training on serum thyrotropin and thyroid hormones in elite strength athletes. Journal of Sports Science, 11, 493-497.
Baylor, L. S., & Hackney, A. C. (2003). Resting throid and leptin hormone changes in women following intense, prolonged exercise training. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 88, 480-484.
Bonifazi, M., Bela, E., Lupo, C., Martelli, G., Zhu, B., & Carli, G. (1998). Influence of training on the response to exercise of adrenocorticotropin and growth hormone plasma concentrations in human swimmers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 78, 394-397.
Bunt, J. C., Boileau, R. A., Bahr, J. M. & Nelson, R. A.(1986). Sex and training differences in human growth hormone during prolonged exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 61, 1976-1801.
Caralis, DG., Edwards, L., & Davies, J. (1977). Serum total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine during dynamie muscular exercise in man. American Journal of Physiology, 2, 115-118.
Chen, S. (1997). Physiological responses and metabolic adaptations during stages of a basketball season. Unpublished master thesis, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton.
Chicharro, J. L., Hoyos, J., Bandres, F., Terrados, N., Fernandez, B., & Lucia, A. (2001). Thyroid hormone levels during a 3-week professional road cycling competition. Hormone Research, 56, 159-164.
Costanzo, S. L. (2003). Physiology(3rd ed.). Philadelpha: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Counsilman, E. J. (1980). The complete book of swimming.(3rd ed.) New York: Athenaeum.
Everitt, A.V., Terry, V., Phillips, M. J., Kerry H. M., & Shorey, C. D. (1996). Morphometric analysis of gastrocnemius muscle fiber size and fiber proportions in the hypophysectomized rat after prolonged admin istration of growth hormone or thyroxine. Growth, Development, and Aging. 60(2):85-93.

Galbo, H., Hummer, L., Peterson, IB, Christensen, NJ., & Bie, N. (1977). Throid and testicular hormonal responses to graded and prolonged exercise in men. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 36, 101-106.
Gilman, M. B. (1996). The use of heart rate to monitor the intensity of endurance training. Sport Medicine, 21(2), 73-79.
Godfrey, R.J., Madgwick, Z., & Whyte, G.P. (2003). The exercise-induced growth hormone response in athletes. Sports Medicine, 33(8), 599-613.
Hackney, AC., & Gulledge, T. (1994). Thyroid hormone response during an 8-hour period following aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Physiology Research, 43, 1-5.
Hartley, L. H. (1975). Growth hormone and catecholamine response to exercise in relation to physical training. Medicine and Science in Sports, 7(1), 34-6.
Hesse, V., Vilser, C., Scheibe, J., Jahreis, G., & Foley, T. (1989). Thyroid hormone metabolism under extreme body exercise. Experimental Clinical Endocrinology, 94, 82-88.
Jamurtas, A. Z., Koutedakis, Y., Paschalis, V., Tofas, T., Yfanti, C., Tsiokanos, A., et al. (2004). The effects of a single bout of exercise on resting energy expenditure and respiratory exchange ratio. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 92, 393-398.
Kirschbaum, B. J., Kucher, H. B., Termin, A., Kelly, A. M., & Pette, D. (1990). Antagonistic effects of chronic low frequency stimulation and thyroid hormone on myosin expression in rat fast-twitch muscle. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265(23), 13974-80.
Lehmann, M., Knizia, K., Gastmann, U., Petersen, KG., Khalaf AN., Bauer, S., et al. (1993). Influence of 6-week, 6days per week, training on pituitary function in recreational athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(3), 186-192.
Macintyre, J. G. (1987). Growth hormone and athletes. Sports Medicine, 4(2), 129-42.
Maclaren, D. P., Reilly, T., Campbell, I. T., & Hopkin, C.(1999). Hormonal and metabolic responses to maintained hyperglycemia during prolonged exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 87(1), 124-31.

Merrill, T. (1993). Heart rate and physiological assessment of women,s collegiate basketball. Unpublished master’s thesis, California State University, Fullerton.
McInnes, S. E., Carlson, J. S., Jones, C. J., & McKenna, M. J. (1995). The physiological load imposed on basketball players during competition. Journal of Sport Sciences, 13, 387-397.

Mujika, I., Chatard, J. C., Padilla, S., Guezennec, C. Y., & Geyssant, A. (1996). Hormonal responses to training and its tapering off in competitive swimmers: relationships with performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 74(4), 361-366.
Powers S. K., & Howley, E. T. (2001). Exercise physiology. (4th ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill.
Pullinen, T., Mero, A., Huttunen, P., Pakarinen, A., & Komi, P.V. (2002).Resistance exercise-induced hormonal responses in men, women, and pubescent boys. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), 806-813.
Rolandi, E., Reggiani, E., Franceschini, R., Bavastro, G., Messina, V., Odaglia, G., & Barreca, T. (1985). Comparison of pituitary responses to physical exercise in athletes and sedentary subjects. Hormone research, 21(4), 209-13.
Rone J. K., Dons, R. F., & Reed, H. L. (1992). The effect of endurance training on serum triiodothyronine kinetics in man: Physical conditioning marked by enhanced thyroid hormone metabolism. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf), 37, 325-330.
Rudman, D., Feller, A., & Nagraj, H. (1990). Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. New England Journal of Medicine, 323, 1-6.

Schmidt, W. D., Hyner, G. C., Lyle, R. M., Corrigan, D., Bottoms, G., & Melby, C. L. (1994). The effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercise conditioning on resting metabolic rate and thermic effect of a meal. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 4(4), 335-346.
Shephard, R. J., & Sidney, K. H. (1975). Effects of physical exercise on plasma growth hormone and cortisol levels in human subjects. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 3, 1-30.
Shimoyama, Y., Tomikawa, M., & Nomura, T. (2003). The effect of rest periods on energy system contribution during interval swimming. European Journal of Sport Science, 3(1), 1-11.
Siebler, T., Robson, H., Shalet, S.M., & Williams, G.R. (2001). Glucocorticoids, thyroid hormone and growth hormone interactions: Implications for the growth plate. Hormone Research, 56(suppl 1), 7-12.
Vanhelder, W. P., Radomski, M. W., & Goode, R. C. (1984). Growth hormone responses during intermittent weight lifting exercise in men. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 53(1), 31-34.
Weltman, A., Wiltman, J. Y., Schurrer, R., Evans, W., Velcluis, J. D., & Rogol, A. D. (1992). Endurance training amplifies the pulsatile release of growth hormone: Effect of training intensity. Journal of Applied Physiology, 72, 2188-2196.
Wideman, L., Weltman, J.Y., Hartman, M.L., Veldhuis, J.D., & Weltman, A. (2002). Sports Medicine, 32(15), 987-1004.