臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文以解析、模擬及部分量測方式，針對冷卻水塔濕氣回流率影響參數及節能控制策略作深入之研究探討。本文分為四大研究主題，即：(1)冷卻水溫節能控制研究、(2)冷卻水流量節能控制研究、(3)冷卻水塔設計容量耦合研究、(4)冷卻水塔排之濕氣回流率影響參數研究。
本文制訂系統性能因子(SPF)，在冷卻水溫節能控制研究部分，本研究發展最佳冷卻水溫(OCT)運算搜尋計畫維持主機與水塔系統於最大SPF下運作，以數學迴歸方程式制訂OCT控制策略，進行多項控制參數解析，如：外氣濕球溫度、主機負載率及冷卻水塔因子等，結果發現OCT控制策略在相同建築案例下，相較於基本冷卻水溫控制方式，台灣台北地區可達4.35～5.74％節能，高雄地區可達3.46～4.2％節能，以外氣濕球溫度變化較廣之氣候區，特別適用於OCT控制策略。
在冷卻水流量節能控制研究部分，本研究發展最佳冷卻水流量(OFR)運算搜尋計畫，維持整體冷卻水系統於最大SPF下運作，亦以數學迴歸方程式制訂OFR控制策略，基於OFR控制策略下，增加水泵因子為控制參數，結果發現OFR控制策略較OCT在台灣台北地區多出1.13～9.71％節能，台灣高雄地區部分達0.59～4.03％節能，OFR雖優於OCT控制策略，但應用時必須詳加注意冰水主機在變冷卻水流量下之耗能特性。
另本文特別探討過去尚未有文獻所注意之冷卻水塔設計容量耦合問題，在水塔容量增大下，OCT及OFR控制策略皆可再提升其節能效果，以台灣台北地區為例，以OCT控制策略及原水塔設計容量作為比較基準，OCT在1.1～1.6倍水塔容量下之節能幅度為0.59～2.67％、OFR為5.3～7.08％，回收年限OCT在8～10.7年間，OFR則在0.9～4年間，然水塔容量不可貿然無限增大，因節能率受限於水塔最終效率、及最低冷卻水量與水溫限制，而提高回收年限。
最後在冷卻水塔排之濕氣回流率影響參數研究部分，特別分析過去尚未有文獻所注意之平行塔排列，考慮全年負載及氣候變化，針對塔排長度與間距，及水塔排風性質及外界風速作相互影響參數分析，以各影響參數建立兩種風向(垂直及平行於塔排)下之總平均濕氣回流率影響迴歸方程式。同時本研究也發展以濕氣回流率計算等效濕球度之評估模式，可計算出濕氣回流率對於系統之耗能影響幅度。本研究之結果可作為未來水塔設計與設置時參考，並提供增進系統節能之新思維。

Parameters of wet air return and energy saving control strategies for cooling towers are analyzed by theoretical modeling and partly field measurements. There are four major topics in this thesis, namely, the energy saving control of condensing water temperature, the condensing water flow rate control, the capacity coupling of cooling towers, and the parameters that affect the wet air return.
A system performance factor (SPF) is used in the study of condensing water temperature control. A computation scheme is developed to seek the optimum condensing water temperature (OCT) so to maintain the maximum SPF for the chillers and the cooling towers as a system. A mathematical regression for the control of OCT is presented that include multi-control parameters such as outdoor wet bulb, chiller load ratio, cooling tower factors, etc. It was found that for a typical building case with a baseline condensing water temperature control, the OCT control strategy would give the energy saving rate of 4.35～5.74％ for Taipei, and 3.46～4.2％ for kaohsiung. This control strategy is applicable to regions with wide variation of annual wet bulb temperature.
For the control of condensing water flow rate, an optimal flow rate (OFR) scheme is presented that to achieve the maximum SPF for the condensing water system. A regression function is presented for the OFR control strategy. However as water pump control is added in the control, additional energy saving of 1.13～9.71％ is possible for Taipei, and 0.59～4.03％ for Kaohsiung. For OFR control, the effects to the chiller efficiency have to be taken into consideration.
A subject often neglected in the research literature is the capacity coupling of cooling towers, relative to the chiller capacity. For the system as a whole, the increase in the cooling tower capacity would further increase the system performance either for OCT and OFR controls. For Taipei and the OCT control as compared to the base case, 1.1～1.6 times of cooling tower capacity would further allow energy saving of 0.59～2.67％. For OFR the further energy saving is 5.3～7.08％. The payback return is calculated and for OCT is between 8～10.7 years. However for OFR the payback is between 0.9～4 years. There is a limit to the capacity coupling due to cooling tower efficiency and the minimum flow rate and temperature requirement for the condensing water. Otherwise the payback years would be longer.
Lastly the influencing parameters for the wet air return to the cooling towers are studied. It is a subject of practical importance but not found in the literature. Parellel arrangement of two banks of cooling towers is used in the studied. This study considers the annual tower load, weather variation, the length of tower bank, the spacing of the two banks of towers, and the flow characteristics of towers. The interactions of these factors are also considered. Two ambient wind directions, parallel and normal to the tower banks, are also considered in the analysis of total wet air return ratio. This study also considers the effects of wet air return on the system performance of the cooling towers and the chillers. A regression function is presented to predict the wet air return ratio. The research results of this study can be used in the design and installation of cooling towers, in order to increase the operating energy efficiency.

摘　要 i
ABSTRACT iii
誌 謝 v
目 錄 vi
表目錄 x
圖目錄 xi
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 文獻回顧 3
1.3 研究目的 8
1.4 論文架構 9
第二章 冷卻水系統理論架構分析 10
2.1 前言 10
2.2 冷卻水塔 11
2.2.1 冷卻水塔概論 11
2.2.2 冷卻水塔性能模型 12
2.3 冷卻水泵 14
2.3.1 水泵概論 14
2.3.2 冷卻水泵性能模型 15
2.4 冰水主機 16
2.4.1 冰水主機概論 16
2.4.2 冰水主機性能模型 18
2.5 冷卻水系統設備性能參數關連解析 20
第三章 冷卻水溫節能控制研究 22
3.1 前言 22
3.2 冰水主機與冷卻水塔系統性能因子解析 22
3.2.1 冰水主機與冷卻水塔之性能變化 23
3.2.2 冰水主機與冷卻水塔系統性能因子 24
3.3 最佳冷卻水溫控制計畫 26
3.3.1 OCT運算搜尋計畫 26
3.3.2 OCT控制策略 28
3.3.3 OCT預測比對 30
3.4冷卻水溫節能控制分析 31
3.4.1 辦公建築案例描述 32
3.4.2 OCT控制策略之系統性能因子解析 34
3.4.3 不同冷卻水溫控制策略之全年耗能解析 36
3.4.4 應用OCT控制策略於另一亞熱帶城市 38
3.5 小結 39
第四章 冷卻水流量節能控制研究 41
4.1前言 41
4.2冷卻水系統性能因子解析 42
4.2.1 冰水主機、冷卻水塔與冷卻水泵之性能變化 42
4.2.2 冷卻水系統性能因子 44
4.3 最佳冷卻水流量控制計畫 45
4.3.1 OFR運算搜尋計畫 45
4.3.2 OFR控制策略 49
4.3.3 OFR預測比對 51
4.4 冷卻水流量節能控制分析 54
4.4.1 OFR控制策略之系統性能因子解析 54
4.4.2 不同冷卻水溫及水量控制策略之全年耗能解析 56
4.4.3 應用OFR控制策略於另一亞熱帶城市 59
4.5 小結 61
第五章 冷卻水塔設計容量耦合研究 63
5.1 前言 63
5.2 冷卻水塔容量耦合性能因子解析 64
5.2.1 水塔容量增大下之主機及水塔性能變化 64
5.2.2 水塔容量增大下之冷卻水系統性能因子 66
5.3 冷卻水塔容量耦合計畫 66
5.3.1 水塔容量增大下之OCT與OFR運算搜尋計畫 66
5.3.2 水塔容量增大下之OCT與OFR預測比對 69
5.4 冷卻水塔容量耦合耗能與成本分析 71
5.4.1 水塔容量增大下OCT與OFR控制策略之系統性能因子解析 72
5.4.2 水塔容量增大下不同冷卻水溫及水量控制策略之全年耗能解析 74
5.4.3 水塔容量增大後之成本效益分析 76
5.5 小結 77
第六章 冷卻水塔排之濕氣回流率影響參數研究 79
6.1 前言 79
6.2 濕氣回流對於主機與水塔系統之耗能影響分析 80
6.3 平行塔排濕氣回流之影響參數 83
6.3.1 冷卻水塔排間距與長度 83
6.3.2 福祿數與風速比 85
6.4 應用氣流模擬軟體預測平行塔排之濕氣回流率 87
6.4.1 氣流模擬模型 87
6.4.2 濕氣回流率模擬與量測值比對 89
6.5 平行塔排總平均濕氣回流率迴歸分析 90
6.5.1 迴歸分析所考慮的影響參數 90
6.5.2 迴歸分析樣本規劃與迴歸預測式 91
6.6 結果與討論 94
6.6.1 塔排間距對於濕氣回流率之影響 94
6.6.2 塔排長度對於濕氣回流率之影響 98
6.6.3 外界風速對於濕氣回流率之影響及臨界風速現象 102
6.6.4 濕氣回流率氣流模擬值與預測值比較 102
6.7 小結 103
第七章 結論與未來展望 105
7.1 結論 105
7.2 未來展望 108
參考文獻 109
附　錄 116
附錄A 迴歸係數彙整 116
附錄B 數值模式 117
附錄B.1 統御方程式 117
附錄B.2 數值方法 118
符號彙編 124
作者簡介 127

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