臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究利用連續與循序批式曝氣薄膜生物反應槽（Membrane Bioreactor，MBR）、（Sequencing Batch Membrane Bioreactor , SBMBR）處理化糞池出流水，固定污泥停留時間（Sludge retention time，SRT） 20天及水力停留時間（Hydraulic retention time，HRT）6小時之條件下，探討處理化糞池出流水之效率。
研究實驗分為三個階段，第一階段，污泥馴養，植入MBR槽污泥濃度為5000mg/L；第二階段，利用連續曝氣薄膜生物反應槽（Membrane Bioreactor，MBR），生物薄膜槽持續曝氣，HRT=6小時，SRT=20天；第三階段，利用循序批式反應槽（Sequencing Batch Membrane Bioreactor , SBMBR）。探討即時監測（pH、DO、Temp、ORP）、微生物的生長（MLSS、MLVSS）、碳（COD）、氮（TKN、NH4+-N、Org-N、NO2--N及NO3--N）之處理效應。
結果顯示，第一階段，經本系統處理後顯示，COD、TKN、有機氮、氨氮、總氮，其去除率分別為，84 %、99.6 %、99.9 %、91.6 %、47.98%，因系統在實驗開始時不穩定，所以造成系統厭氧，總氮去除率偏高，後加入沉浸式馬達，使污泥均勻混合，系統成純好氧，進入第二階段。第二階段，研究結果顯示，COD、TKN、有機氮、氨氮、總氮，其去除率分別為，88 %、99.5 %、99.9 %、95.2 %、9.8 %，在連續曝氣薄膜生物操作下，看出碳的去除率明顯增加，有機氮、氨氮有效的轉換率都有95 %以上。第三階段，研究結果顯示，COD、TKN、有機氮、氨氮、總氮，其去除率分別為，80 %、99.4 %、99.9 %、90.1 %、25.9 %，在循序批式曝氣薄膜生物操作下，在總氮的去除率比第二階段明顯提高，在氮的轉換率上也都有90 %以上。

In this case study, setup the system which the continuous running with aerobic tank (membrane bioreactor, MBR) and sequential batch membrane bioreactor (SBMBR) that for treating the septic tank wastewater operated by fixed the sludge retention time (SRT) about 20 days and 6 hrs. of Hydraulic retention time (HRT) for prove the efficiency of treated septic tank effluent.

This case study separated to 3 phases (1) the first phase; applied the sludge concentration in the aerobic tank (MBR tank) for 4,000 mg/L, (2) the second phase; setup condition with 6 hrs of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and fixed the sludge retention time (SRT) about 20 days and continuous running the system, (3) the third stage; running of sequencing batch membrane bioreactor (SBMBR) with feeding the influent water for 15 minutes, aeration for 90 minutes, mixing in MBR tank for 90 minutes, the water treated in MBR tank for 105 minutes and effluent for 60 minutes which means 1 batch running is 360 minutes and 6 hours for rerun the system, so one day can run for 4 batches.

For the parameters to prove the efficiency of treating the septic tank wastewater in this case study are pH, DO, Temperature, Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP), Microbial growth (MLSS, MLVSS), Carbon source (TCOD, SCOD), Nitrogen (TKN, Ammonia-Nitrogen, Organic-Nitrogen, Nitrite-Nitrogen and Nitrate-Nitrogen).
The results showed that the first stage, the removal efficiency of this system processed (COD, TKN, Organic Nitrogen (Org-N), Ammonia Nitrogen (NH4-N), Total Nitrogen (TN)) were 84%, 99.6%, 99.9% 91.6% and 47.98% respectively due to the starter of the system was unstable, also the anaerobic process in the system was high efficiency removal rate and after addition of immersive motor, sludge mixing due to the aeration aerobic system for the second stage. For this stage, COD, TKN, Organic Nitrogen (Org-N), Ammonia Nitrogen (NH4-N), Total Nitrogen (TN) were removal efficiency show 88%, 99.5%, 99.9%, 95.2% and 9.8% respectively, also the operation in MBR the results showed the COD removal efficiency is increased about 95%. The third stage, the removal efficiency of COD, TKN, Organic Nitrogen (Org-N), Ammonia Nitrogen (NH4-N), Total Nitrogen (TN) were shown 80%, 99.4%, 99.9%, 90.1% and 25.9% respectively which in the sequentially batch MBR removal efficiency is more efficient than the second stage about 90 %, that including the removal efficiency of the total nitrogen.

中文摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
總標題 V
圖目錄 IX
表標題 XIII
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究緣起 1
1-2 研究內容及目的 3
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2-1 廢水性質 4
2-1-1 化糞池簡介 4
2-2 生物除氮程序介紹 6
2-2-1 水中氮的變化 6
2-2-2 氮的去除機制 7
2-3 硝化作用 9
2-3-1 硝化作用之原理 9
2-3-2 影響硝化作用之因子 10
2-3-3 影響脫硝作用之因子分述如下 13
2-4 薄膜之應用 15
2-4-1 薄膜種類 15
2-4-2 薄膜之材質 17
2-4-3 化學清洗 18
2-4-4 薄膜生物反應程序 19
2-4-5 薄膜生物反應槽之運用 22
第三章 實驗設備及研究方法 24
3-1 實驗流程 24
3-2 系統設備 30
3-2-1 MBR系統 30
3-3-2 監控檢測設備儀器 31
3-3-3 實驗儀器 31
3-3 水質檢驗方法 32
3-3-1 實驗分析項目 32
3-4 薄膜介紹 33
3-5 污水來源 35
第四章 結果與討論 37
4-1 即時監控參數分析 37
4-1-1 溫度 (Temperature) 37
4-1-2 pH 值 40
4-1-3 溶氧 (DO) 43
4-1-4 濁度(Turbidity) 47
4-1-5 鹼度(Alkalinity) 50
4-1-6 TDS 52
4-1-7 懸浮固體物 (SS) 53
4-2 有機物處理成效分析 56
4-2-1 化學需氧量 (COD) 56
4-3 氮系物質處理成效分析 61
4-3-1 總凱氏氮 (TKN) 處理成效分析 61
4-3-2 有機氮處理分析 (Org-N) 65
4-3-3 氨氮處理成效 (NH4-N) 67
4-3-4 亞硝酸鹽氮處理成效 ( NO2-N ) 71
4-3-5 硝酸鹽氮處理成效 (NO3-N ) 73
4-3-6 總氮去除率成效 ( TN Removal ) 76
第五章 結論與建議 80
5-1 結論 80
5-2 建議 81
參考文獻 82
附表一 88
附表二 91
附表三 92

1.http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/plumbing/sewer2.htm.
2.Benefield, L. D. and Randdall, C. W., “Biological process design for wastewater treatment”, Vol. 38, pp. 197-200, 1977.
3.Sedlak, R.I., Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal from Municipal Wastewater, 2d ed., New York, The Soap and Detergent Assciation, Lewis Publishers, 1991.
4.Knowles, G., Downing, A. L. and Barrett, M. T., “Determination of kinetic constants for nitrifying bacteria in mixed culture with the aid of an electronic computer”, J. Gen, Microbiol, Vol. 38, pp. 263-278, 1965.
5.Sharma, B. and Ahler, R. C., Nitrification and nitrogen removal, Wat. Res., 11:879-925, 1977.
6.Anthonisen, A.C, Loehr, L.R., Prakasam T.B.S. and Srinath E.G., Inhibition of nitrification by ammonia and nitrous acid, J. WPCF. 48, 835-852, 1976.
7.Stenstorm, M. K., “The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration”, Water Research, Vol. 14, pp. 643-649, 1980.
8.U. S. EPA, “Process Design Manual for Nitrogen Control”, Office Technology Transfer, Washington, DC, 1975.
9.Fdz-Polanco, f., Villaverde, S. and Garcia, P. A., Nitrite acculuation in submerged biofilters combined effects, Wat. Sci. Tech. 34 (3-4) , 371-378, 1996.
10.Anthonisen, A.C., Loehr, R.C., Prakasam, T.B.S. and Srinath EG., Inhibition of nitrification by ammonia and nitrous acid, J. WPCF. 48, 835-852, 1976.
11.Baskaran, K., Scott, P. H. and Connor, M. A., Biofilm as an aid to nitrogen removal in sewage treatment lagons, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 26, 1701-1716, 1992.
12.Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, Reues, 3rd ED., New York, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1991.
13.Stenstorm, M. K., The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration, Water Research, Vol.4, pp. 643-649, 1980.
14.Fdz-Polanco, f., Villaverde, S. and Garcia, P. A., Nitrite acculuation in submerged biofilters combined effects, Wat. Sci. Tech. 34 (3-4) , 371-378, 1996.
15.Christensen, M. H. and P. Harremoes, Biological denitrification of sewage: A literature review, Water Sci. Tech., Vol.37, No. 9, pp.219-226, 1998.
16.Livingston, A. G., Arcangeli, J. P., Boam, A. T., Zhang, S., Marangon, M. and Freitas, L. M. “Extractive membrane bioreactor for detoxification of chemical industry wastes: process development”, Journal of Membrane Science, 151: 29-44 , 1998.
17.Yamamoto, K. “Membrane filtration. In Rapid Filtration, Biological Filtration and Membrane Filtration”, Tokyo, Gihodo Shuppan, 255, 1994.
18.Cicek, N., Franco, J. P., Suidan, M. T., Urbain, V. and Manem, J. “Characterization and Comparison of a Membrane Bioreactor and a Conventional Activated-Sludge System in the Treatment of Wastewater Containing High-Molecular-Weight Compounds”, Water Environment Research, 71:64-70 , 1999.
19.Chuang, S. H. “Fouling behavior in a macropores membrane bioreactor”, The second Taiwan-Japan joint symposium on membrane technology in environmental management, Taipei, 2003.
20.Isaacs, S., Henze, M., Søeberg, H., and Kummel, M., External carbon surce addition as a means to control and activated sludge nutrient removal process, Water Resources, Vol. 28, No. 3. pp. 511-520, 1994.
21.Randadll, C.W. and Cokgor, E.U. Modification and expansion of a pure oxygen WWTP for biological nutrient removal (BNR), Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol.44, No.1, pp. 167 - 172, 2001.
22.Her, J. J. and Huang, J. S., Influentces of carbon source and C / N ratio on nitrate / nitrite denitrification and carbon breakthrough, Bioresource Technol, Vol.54, pp.45-51, 1995.
23.Lee, N.M. and Welander, T., The effect of different carbon sources on respiratory denitrification in biolocical wastewater treatment, Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, Vol. 82, No.3, pp.227-285, 1996.
24.林秉豐，『胞外聚合物對薄膜生物反應程序中薄膜阻塞之影響一光電產業個案研究』，嘉南藥理科技大學，環境工程與科學系碩士班，2006.
25.Cornel, P. and Krause, S., Proceedings: Applications and Perspectives of MBR in Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Italy, State of the art on MBRs in Europe, Cremona, 28-29, 2003.
26.Ng, H. Y., Tan, T. W., Ong, S.L., “Membrane fouling of submerged membrane bioreactors: impact of mean cell residence time and the contributing factors”, Environ. Sci. Technol. (40) 2706 – 2713, 2006.
27.Brindle, K. and Stephenson, T., “The applications of membrane biological reactors for the treatment of wastewaters”, Biotechnology. Boeings. Vol. 49, pp. 601-610, 1996.
28.洪瑞雯，『連續流循序操作模式應用於薄膜生物反應槽處理ABS樹脂廢水之研究』，嘉南藥理科技大學，環境工程與科學系碩士班，2005.
29.Ueda, T., Hata, K., Kikuoka, Y., Wastewater treatment using Membrane Bioreactor, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 34. pp. 259, 1996.
30.Yamamoto, K., Membrane filtration. In Rapid Filtration, Biological Filtration and Membrane Filtration, Tokyo, Gihodo Shuppan, 255, 1994.
31.Stephenson, T., S. Judd, B. Jefferson, and K. Brindle, Membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment, London, IWA Pubishing, 2000.
32.Muller, E. B., Aerobic domestic waste water treatment in a pilot plant with complete sludge retention by cross-flow filtration, Wat. Res, 29, 1179-1189, 1995.
33.Fan, X. J., Urbain, V., and Manem, J., Nitrification and mass balance with a membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 34, pp. 129-136, 1996.
34.Ueda, T., Hata, K., Kikuoka, Y., Treatment of domestic sewage from rural settlement by a membrane bioreactor, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 34, No. 9, pp. 189-196, 1996.
35.Silva, D. G. V., Urbain, V. D. H. and Abeysinghe, B. E., Advanced analysis of membrane-bioreactor performance with aerobic anoxic cycling, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 38, No. 4-5, pp. 505-512, 1998.
36.Cicek, N., Davel, J., Suidan, M. T., Audic, J. and Genestet, P., Effect of solids retention time on the performance and biological characteristics of a membrane bioreactor, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 43, No.11, pp. 43-50, 2001.
37.Krauth, K. H. and Staab, K. F., Pressurized bioreactor with membrane filtration for wastewater treatment, Wat. Res., Vol. 27, pp. 405-411, 1993.
38.江誠憲，『不同鹼度物質對薄膜生物反應槽中硝化作用之影響』，嘉南藥理科技大學，環境工程與科學系碩士班，2008.
39.陳昇隆，利用薄膜生物反應槽處理低碳氮比出流水之研究，嘉南藥理科技大學，環境工程與科學系碩士班，2008。
40.Chang, I. S., Le-Clech, P., Jefferson, B. and Judd, S., “Membrane fouling in MBRs for wastewater treatment.”J. Environ. Eng., 128:11., 2002.
41.林曜文，『沈浸式薄膜生物程序處理ABS樹脂廢水之研究』，嘉南藥理科技大學，環境工程與科學系碩士班，2004.
42.Hitdlebaugh, J.A. and Miller, R.D., Operational problems with rotating biological contactors, J. Wat. Poll. Contr. Fed., 53:1283-1293, 1981.
43.Painter, H. A., Loveless, J. E., “Effect of temperature and pH value on the growth-rate constants of nitrifying bacteria in the activated sludge process”, Wat. Res., Vol. 17, pp. 237-248, 1983.
44.Stenstorm, M. K., The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration, Water Research, Vol.4, pp. 643-649, 1980.
45.Richard W. Baker, Membrane Technology and Applications, Eng., WILEY, 2004.
46.Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, Reues, 3rd ED., McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1991.
47.Suthersan, S., Garcia-Encina, P. A. And Fdz-Polanco, F., “Influence of nitrite oxidation during nitrification some obervations” Wat. Poll. Res. 21, 257-266,1986.
48.U. S. EPA, “Process Design Manual for Nitrogen Control”, Office echnology Transfer, Washington, DC, 1975.