臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究旨在探討內化異性戀主義、工作場域之性傾向管理策略、與憂鬱之間的中介模式，並探討性傾向相關社會支持對此中介模式中四條連結的調節作用。本研究分為兩個研究，研究一檢驗翻譯量表的信度並初步探討研究變項間的關聯；研究二旨在探討本研究所假設的調節中介模式。本研究採用網路問卷法，研究一納入分析的參與者有139位同性戀或雙性戀；研究二則有562位。本研究根據參與者在「內化同性戀負面態度量表」、「性傾向管理策略量表」、「流行病學研究中心憂鬱量表」、「社會支持行為量表」的得分以CFA、MANOVA、Pearson’s Correlation、SEM、Multi-Group Comparison等統計方法進行分析。研究結果如下：
一、CFA及信度分析顯示，經過刪題後，本研究所翻譯的量表皆顯示良好心理計量特性。
二、研究一、二的MANOVA結果顯示，男性的內化異性戀主義、隱藏性傾向、憂鬱的情況比女性差；雙性戀比同性戀有更高的內化異性戀主義、使用較多的偽裝策略及較少的整合策略、並擁有較多的家人支持。
三、研究二的SEM中介分析結果顯示，迴避策略能夠一致地中介內化異性戀主義與憂鬱之間的關聯，對自身性傾向感受越負面者，越會迴避性傾向讓人知道，進而增高憂鬱；偽裝策略及整合策略則無中介效果，原因是此兩者無法顯著預測憂鬱。
四、研究二的SEM多群組比較發現，性傾向相關支持無法緩衝內化異性戀主義與憂鬱的關聯，亦無法調節性傾向管理策略與憂鬱之間的關聯。
最後，本研究討論研究結果不符假設的原因並提出實務建議。

The present study investigates the mediation model of internalized heterosexism, work place sexual identity management strategies, and depression. Moreover, the moderating effect of sexuality-related social support on the associations in the abovementioned mediation model is examined. The study is comprised of two studies: Study 1 tests the reliability of the translated scales, while initially exploring the relationships among variables in the study, and study 2 tests the proposed model. Data was collected through on-line surveys. 139 homosexual and bisexual subjects were recruited in study 1, and 562 were recruited in study 2. The measurements used in the present study include “Internalized Homonegativity Subscale”, “Measure of Sexual Identity Management Strategies”, “Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale”, “the Social Support Behaviors Scale”. CFA, MANOVA, Pearson’s Correlation, SEM, and Multi-Group Comparison were used to analyze the data.
The results are as follows:
1. According to CFA and reliability analysis, the scales translated in the present study have good psychometric properties after item deletion.
2. According to MANOVA in studies 1 and 2, male subjects have higher internalized heterosexism and higher degree of depression compared to female subjects, and conceal their sexual orientation more often; the bisexual subjects have higher internalized heterosexism, endorse more counterfeiting strategies and less integrating strategies, and have more family support than homosexual participants.
3. According to SEM, avoidance strategies mediate the association between internalized heterosexism and depression consistently. Subjects feeling more negatively about their sexual orientation would more frequently prevent others from discovering their sexual orientation, thus increasing their degree of depression. Counterfeiting and integrating strategies don’t have mediation effects, as the two are unable to predict depression.
4. According to the multi-group comparison in study 2, sexuality-related support not only fails to dampen the association between internalized heterosexism and depression, but also the associations between identity management strategies and depression.

Finally, explanations regarding the inconsistencies between results and hypotheses are proposed, as well as practical suggestions.

目錄
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………………………….. Ⅰ
英文摘要………………………………………………………………………………………….. Ⅱ
誌謝………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Ⅳ
目錄……………………………………………………………………………………………………Ⅴ
表目錄……………………………………………………………………………………………….Ⅸ
圖目錄……………………………………………………………………………………………....Ⅹ
緒論………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
第一節 研究動機……………………………………………………………………………1
第二節 研究目的與問題………………………………………………………………..3
第三節 名詞釋義…………………………………………………………………………...4
文獻探討……………………………………………………………………………………………….6
第一節 內化的異性戀主義相關理論與研究………………………………...6
第二節 性傾向管理策略……………………………………………………………..12
第三節 憂鬱…………………………………………………………………………………19
第四節 內化異性戀主義與憂鬱之間的關聯………………………………21
第五節 內化異性戀主義與性傾向管理策略之間的關聯…………..22
第六節 性傾向管理策略與憂鬱之間的關聯………………………………24
第七節 社會支持「在本研究架構中的作用」…………………………..29
第八節 目前研究與研究假設………………………………………………………37
研究一…………………………………………………………………………………………………40
第一節 研究方法………………………………………………………………………….40
一、研究對象……………………………………………………………………………..40
二、研究工具……………………………………………………………………………..41
三、研究程序……………………………………………………………………………..44
四、資料分析與處理………………………………………………………………….44
第二節 研究結果與討論………………………………………………………………45
一、信度分析………….………………………………………………………………….45
二、研究變項間的關聯……….……………………………………………………..45
三、研究一小結……………………………………………………………………….…49
研究二…………………………………………………………………………………………………50
第一節 研究方法………………………………………………………………………….50
一、研究對象……………………………………………………………………………..50
二、研究工具……………………………………………………………………………..52
三、研究程序……………………………………………………………………………..61
四、資料分析與處理………………………………………………………………….61
第二節 研究結果與討論………………………………………………………………62
一、研究變項間之關聯………………………………………………………………62
二、性傾向管理策略在內化異性戀主義與憂鬱之間之中介效果…………………………………………………………………………………………………67
三、社會支持的調節作用………………………………………………………….73
四、研究二小結…………………………………………………………………………83
綜合討論………………………………………………………………………………………..…..84
第一節 主要變項在性別及性傾向上的差異趨勢……………………….84
第二節 性傾向管理策略在內化異性戀主義與憂鬱之間的中介效果………………………………………………………………………………………………….86
第三節 社會支持的調節作用……………………………………………………91
第四節 在實務上的建議……………………………………………………………96
第五節 研究限制與未來研究方向…………………………………………….97
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………………………………..99
一、中文部分……………………………………………………………………………….99
二、英文部分……………….………………………………………………………………100

附錄一 內化同性戀負面態度量表…………………………………………….106
附錄二 性傾向管理策略量表…………………………………………………….107
附錄三 社會支持行為量表(SS-B) ………………………………………………..109
附錄四 流行病學研究中心憂鬱量表(CES-D)……………………………….111
附錄五 研究二施測的量表………………………………………………………..112
附錄六 研究工具授權同意書…………………………………………………….120
附錄七 題項之描述性統計………………………………………………………..122
附錄八 憂鬱四因子二階CFA模式圖………………………………………..133
附錄九 檢驗性傾向管理策略個別效果之中介模式分析…………134
附錄十 調節分析--受限制模型圖………………………………………………140
附錄十一 附加分析--社會支持的中介效果………………………………144

一、 中文部分

劉安真(2013)。同志在臺灣社會的次等公民處境與心理健康。婦研縱橫，99，6-11。
邱文彬(2001)。社會支持因應效果的回顧與展望。國家科學委員會研究彙刊：人文及社會科學，4，311-330。
張本聖、徐儷瑜、黃君瑜、古黃守廉、曾幼涵(譯)(2014)。變態心理學(二版一刷)。台北市：雙葉書廊。(Ann M. Kring et al., 2012)
邱皓政(2010)。量化研究與統計分析:SPSS(PASW)資料分析範例解析。台中：五南。
張春興(2006)。張氏心理學辭典：臺灣東華。
美國心理學學會(2008)。解答你的問題：深入理解性傾向和同性戀 (Answers to your questions for a better understanding of sexual orientation and homosexuality)。華盛頓特區：作者。[檢索於http://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/orientation.aspx.]

二、 英文部分

American Psychological Association. (2008). Answers to your questions: For a better understanding of sexual orientation and homosexuality. Washington, DC: Author. [Retrieved from www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/orientation.pdf.]
Anderson, M. Z., Croteau, J. M., Chung, Y. B., &; DiStefano, T. M. (2001). Developing an assessment of sexual identity management for lesbian and gay workers. Journal of Career Assessment, 9(3), 243-260. doi: 10.1177/106907270100900303
Austin, E. L. (2013). Sexual orientation disclosure to health care providers among urban and non-urban southern lesbians. Women &; Health, 53(1), 41-55. doi: 10.1080/03630242.2012.743497
Barnes, D. M., &; Meyer, I. H. (2012). Religious affiliation, internalized homophobia, and mental health in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(4), 505-515. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01185.x
Baron, R. M., &; Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., &; Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252-1265. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1252
Beals, K. P., Peplau, L. A., &; Gable, S. L. (2009). Stigma management and well-being: The role of perceived social support, emotional processing, and suppression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(7), 867-879. doi: 10.1177/0146167209334783
Bieschke, K. J. (2008). We've come a long way, baby. Counseling Psychologist, 36(4), 631-638. doi: 10.1177/0011000008320077
Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Romine, R. E. S., Hamilton, A., &; Coleman, E. (2013). Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 943-951. doi: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301241
Bregman, H. R., Malik, N. M., Page, M. J. L., Makynen, E., &; Lindahl, K. M. (2013). Identity profiles in lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth: The role of family influences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(3), 417-430. doi: 10.1007/s10964-012-9798-z
Brown, J., &; Trevethan, R. (2010). Shame, internalized homophobia, identity formation, attachment style, and the connection to relationship status in gay men. American Journal of Mens Health, 4(3), 267-276. doi: 10.1177/1557988309342002
Brown, L. S. (2008). Reflection on Kashubek-West, Szymanski, and Meyer's major contribution. Counseling Psychologist, 36(4), 639-644. doi: 10.1177/0011000008320080
Budge, S. L., Rossman, H. K., &; Howard, K. A. S. (2013). Coping and psychological distress among genderqueer individuals: The moderating effect of social support. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 8(1), 95-117. doi: 10.1080/15538605.2014.853641
Button, S. B. (2004). Identity management strategies utilized by lesbian and gay employees - A quantitative investigation. Group &; Organization Management, 29(4), 470-494. doi: 10.1177/1059601103257417
Bybee, J. A., Sullivan, E. L., Zielonka, E., &; Moes, E. (2009). Are gay men in worse mental health than heterosexual men? the role of age, shame and guilt, and coming-out. Journal of Adult Development, 16(3), 144-154. doi: 10.1007/s10804-009-9059-x
Cantwell, D. P., &; Baker, L. (1991). Manifestations of depressive affect in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20(2), 121-133.
Cass, V. C. (1984). Homosexual identity formation – Testing a theoretical model. Journal of Sex Research, 20(2), 143-167.
Chow, P. K. Y., &; Cheng, S. T. (2010). Shame, internalized heterosexism, lesbian identity, and coming out to others: A comparative study of lesbians in Mainland China and Hong Kong. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(1), 92-104. doi: 10.1037/a0017930
Chrobot-Mason, D., Button, S. B., &; DiClementi, J. D. (2001). Sexual identity management strategies: An exploration of antecedents and consequences. Sex Roles, 45(5-6), 321-336. doi: 10.1023/a:1014357514405
Chung, Y. B. (2001). Work discrimination and coping strategies: Conceptual frameworks for counseling lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. The Career Development Quarterly, 50(1), 33-44. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-0045.2001.tb00887.x
Clair, J. A., Beatty, J. E., &; MacLean, T. L. (2005). Out of sight but not out of mind: managing invisible social identities in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 78-95. doi: 10.5465/AMR.2005.15281431
Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38(5), 300-314.
Cohen, S., &; Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
Cox, N., Dewaele, A., van Houtte, M., &; Vincke, J. (2011). Stress-related growth, coming out, and internalized homonegativity in lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. an examination of stress-related growth within the minority stress model. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(1), 117-137. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2011.533631
Croteau, J. M., Anderson, M. Z., &; VanderWal, B. L. (2008). Models of workplace sexual identity disclosure and management - reviewing and extending concepts. Group &; Organization Management, 33(5), 532-565. doi: 10.1177/1059601108321828
DeBlaere, C., Brewster, M. E., Bertsch, K. N., DeCarlo, A. L., Kegel, K. A., &; Presseau, C. D. (2014). The protective power of collective action for sexual minority women of color: An investigation of multiple discrimination experiences and psychological distress. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(1), 20-32. doi: 10.1177/0361684313493252
Denton, F. N., Rostosky, S. S., &; Danner, F. (2014). Stigma-related stressors, coping self-efficacy, and physical health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(3), 383-391. doi: 10.1037/a0036707
Doty, N. D., Willoughby, B. L. B., Lindahl, K. M., &; Malik, N. M. (2010). Sexuality related social support among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(10), 1134-1147. doi: 10.1007/s10964-010-9566-x
Feinstein, B. A., Wadsworth, L. P., Davila, J., &; Goldfried, M. R. (2014). Do parental acceptance and family support moderate associations between dimensions of minority stress and depressive symptoms among lesbians and gay men?. Professional Psychology-Research and Practice, 45(4), 239-246. doi: 10.1037/a0035393
Griffin, P. (1992). From hiding out to coming out : Empowering lesbian and gay educators. Journal of Homosexuality, 22(3-4), 167-196. doi: 10.1300/J082v22n03_07
Halpin, S. A., &; Allen, M. W. (2004). Changes in psychosocial well-being during stages of gay identity development. Journal of Homosexuality, 47(2), 109-126.
Herdt, G. (2013). Gay and lesbian youth: Routledge.
Herek, G. (2004). Beyond “Homophobia”: Thinking about sexual prejudice and stigma in the twenty-first century. Sexuality Research &; Social Policy, 1(2), 6-24. doi: 10.1525/srsp.2004.1.2.6
Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., &; Cogan, J. C. (2009). Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: Insights from a social psychological perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 32-43. doi: 10.1037/a0014672
Hu, L. t., &; Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
Hu, X., &; Wang, Y. (2013). LGB identity among young Chinese: The influence of traditional culture. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(5), 667-684. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2013.773815
Hu, X., Wang, Y., &; Wu, C.-h. (2013). Acceptance concern and life satisfaction for Chinese LGBs: The mediating role of self-concealment. Social Indicators Research, 114(2), 687-701. doi: 10.1007/s11205-012-0168-8
Jacobson, D. E. (1986). Types and timing of social support. Journal of health and Social Behavior, 250-264.
Kuyper, L., &; Fokkema, T. (2011). Minority stress and mental health among Dutch LGBs: Examination of differences between sex and sexual orientation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(2), 222-233. doi: 10.1037/a0022688
Lance, T. S., Anderson, M. Z., &; Croteau, J. M. (2010). Improving measurement of workplace sexual identity management. Career Development Quarterly, 59(1), 19-26.
Law, C. L., Martinez, L. R., Ruggs, E. N., Hebl, M. R., &; Akers, E. (2011). Trans-parency in the workplace: How the experiences of transsexual employees can be improved. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(3), 710-723. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.018
Lechner, L., Bolman, C., &; van Dalen, A. (2007). Definite involuntary childlessness: associations between coping, social support and psychological distress. Human Reproduction, 22(1), 288-294. doi: 10.1093/humrep/del327
Legate, N., Ryan, R. M., &; Weinstein, N. (2012). Is coming out always a "Good Thing"? exploring the relations of autonomy support, outness, and wellness for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(2), 145-152. doi: 10.1177/1948550611411929
Marsh, H. W., &; Hau, K.-T. (1996). Assessing goodness of fit: Is parsimony always desirable? The Journal of Experimental Education, 64(4), 364-390.
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674-697. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
Meyer, I. H., &; Dean, L. (1998). Intemalized homophobia, intimacy, and sexual behavior among gay and bisexual men. Stigma and sexual orientation. Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals, 4.
Mohr, J., &; Fassinger, R. (2000). Measuring dimensions of lesbian and gay male experience. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 33(2), 66-90.
Moradi, B., Wiseman, M. C., DeBlaere, C., Goodman, M. B., Sarkees, A., Brewster, M. E., &; Huang, Y. P. (2010). LGB of color and white individuals' perceptions of heterosexist stigma, internalized homophobia, and outness: Comparisons of levels and links. Counseling Psychologist, 38(3), 397-424. doi: 10.1177/0011000009335263
Newcomb, M. E., &; Mustanski, B. (2010). Internalized homophobia and internalizing mental health problems: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(8), 1019-1029. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.07.003
Newheiser, A. K., &; Barreto, M. (2014). Hidden costs of hiding stigma: Ironic interpersonal consequences of concealing a stigmatized identity in social interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 58-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.01.002
O'Neil, J. M. (2008). Summarizing 25 years of research on men's gender role conflict using the gender role conflict scale - New research paradigms and clinical implications. Counseling Psychologist, 36(3), 358-445. doi: 10.1177/0011000008317057
O'Neil, J. M. (2013). Gender role conflict research 30 years later: An evidence-based diagnostic schema to assess boys and men in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 91(4), 490-498. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00122.x
Ott, M. Q., Corliss, H. L., Wypij, D., Rosario, M., &; Austin, S. B. (2011). Stability and change in self-reported sexual orientation identity in young people: Application of mobility metrics. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(3), 519-532.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.
Ragins, B. R. (2008). disclosure disconnects: antecedents and consequences of disclosing invisible stigmas across life domains. Academy of Management Review, 33(1), 194-215. doi: 10.5465/AMR.2008.27752724
Ragins, B. R., Singh, R., &; Cornwell, J. M. (2007). Making the invisible visible: Fear and disclosure of sexual orientation at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1103-1118. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1103
Riggle, E. D. B., Rostosky, S. S., &; Horne, S. (2010). Does It matter where you live? Nondiscrimination laws and the experiences of LGB residents. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 7(3), 168-175. doi: 10.1007/s13178-010-0016-z
Robinson, M. A., &; Brewster, M. E. (2013). Motivations for fatherhood: examining internalized heterosexism and gender-role conflict with childless gay and bisexual men. Psychology of Men &; Masculinity, 15(1). doi: 10.1037/a0031142
Rothman, E. F., Sullivan, M., Keyes, S., &; Boehmer, U. (2012). Parents' supportive reactions to sexual orientation disclosure associated with better health: Results from a population-based survey of LGB adults in Massachusetts. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(2), 186-200. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2012.648878
Sanchez, F. J., Westefeld, J. S., Liu, W. M., &; Vilain, E. (2010). Masculine gender role conflict and negative feelings about being gay. Professional Psychology-Research and Practice, 41(2), 104-111. doi: 10.1037/a0015805
Savin-Williams, R. C. (2014). An exploratory study of the categorical versus spectrum nature of sexual orientation. Journal of Sex Research, 51(4), 446-453. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2013.871691
Schrimshaw, E. W., Siegel, K., Downing, M. J., &; Parsons, J. T. (2013). Disclosure and concealment of sexual orientation and the mental health of non-gay-identified, behaviorally bisexual men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(1), 141-153. doi: 10.1037/a0031272
Sedlovskaya, A., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Eibach, R. P., LaFrance, M., Romero-Canyas, R., &; Camp, N. P. (2013). Internalizing the closet: Concealment heightens the cognitive distinction between public and private selves. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(4), 695-715. doi: 10.1037/a0031179
Szymanski, D. M., &; Carr, E. R. (2008). The roles of gender role conflict and internalized heterosexism in gay and bisexual men's psychological distress: Testing two mediation models. Psychology of Men &; Masculinity, 9(1), 40-54. doi: 10.1037/1524-9220.9.1.40
Szymanski, D. M., &; Ikizler, A. S. (2013). Internalized heterosexism as a mediator in the relationship between gender role conflict, heterosexist discrimination, and depression among sexual minority men. Psychology of Men &; Masculinity, 14(2), 211-219. doi: 10.1037/a0027787
Szymanski, D. M., &; Kashubeck-West, S. (2008). Mediators of the relationship between internalized oppressions and lesbian and bisexual women's psychological distress. Counseling Psychologist, 36(4), 575-594. doi: 10.1177/0011000007309490
Szymanski, D. M., Kashubeck-West, S., &; Meyer, J. (2008a). Internalized heterosexism - A historical and theoretical overview. Counseling Psychologist, 36(4), 510-524. doi: 10.1177/0011000007309488
Szymanski, D. M., Kashubeck, S., &; Meyer, J. (2008b). Internalized heterosexism - Measurement, psychosocial correlates, and research directions. Counseling Psychologist, 36(4), 525-574. doi: 10.1177/0011000007309489
Szymanski, D. M., &; Sung, M. R. (2010). Minority stress and psychological distress among Asian American sexual minority persons. Counseling Psychologist, 38(6), 848-872. doi: 10.1177/0011000010366167
Vanden Berghe, W., Dewaele, A., Cox, N., &; Vincke, J. (2010). Minority-specific determinants of mental well-being among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(1), 153-166.
Vaux, A., Riedel, S., &; Stewart, D. (1987). Modes of social support - The social support behaviors (SS-B) scale. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15(2), 209-237. doi: 10.1007/bf00919279
Velez, B. L., Moradi, B., &; Brewster, M. E. (2013). Testing the tenets of minority stress theory in workplace contexts. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4), 532-542. doi: 10.1037/a0033346