臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

電壓源在現今的積體電路中扮演著相當重要的角色，參考電壓的應用範圍非常廣泛，最常用於類比-數位轉換器或數位類比轉換器，另外一般常見的電源管理系統、運算放大器或線性穩壓器裡面，都可以見到參考電壓的蹤影，來提供設定輸入或輸出電壓範圍、輸入差動對之電流偏壓源或作為比較器之參考電壓。而能階差參考電壓可以產生一個穩定的電壓源，不因電源電壓與環境溫度的變化而產生變動，以提供系統作為比較或維持電路正常運作之用途，進而提升系統的整體效能。
本論文主要目的為提供一個1.8伏至3.3伏輸入電壓，而輸出電壓在1.2伏左右的能階差參考電壓電路，提供低壓降線性穩壓器一個穩定的參考電壓，利用低壓的差異放大器取代傳統的疊接電流鏡架構，進而將電路操作在低壓的環境。另外並針對未來低壓的趨勢考量，設計一個1伏輸入電壓，並具有曲率補償功能的能階差參考電壓電路，以符合未來電路的需求。
此電路在分析與設計階段，我們使用HSPICE 套裝軟體，藉此幫助我們模擬此電路的結果，以利電路設計上的修改與驗證。

Voltage references play an important role in modern integrated circuits systems. They are widely apdopted in many integrated circuits, such as A/D or D/A converters, power-management system, operational amplifiers, and linear regulators. They are used for defining input/output voltage range, baising current source of differential pairs, and providing a comparison reference for comparators. A precision voltage reference must be, inherently, well-defined and insensitive to temperature, power supply and load variations.
The objective of this thesis is to design a bandgap voltage reference with input voltage 1.8V to 3.3V and output voltage around 1.2V. The bandgap voltage reference is intended for using in low dropout linear regulators (LDO). In order to reduce the supply voltage, the voltage reference is using low voltage operational amplifers in place of using conservative cascade current mirror. In addition, this thesis designs a 1-V bandgap voltage reference with temperature compensation to suit the current of low supply voltage.
During design and analysis stages, the HSPICE is used for the simulation, modification and verification of the circuit.

第一章 序論 1
1-1 研究背景與動機 1
1-2 能階差參考電壓電路簡介 4

第二章 能階差參考電壓電路之基本架構 6
2-1 基本能階差參考電壓電路架構 6
2-2 電壓式能階差參考電壓電路 9
2-3 電流式能階差參考電壓電路 15
2-4 電壓式與電流式能階差參考電壓電路之比較 20

第三章 能階差參考電壓電路設計與製作 23
3-1 啟動電路 23
3-2 運算放大器 33
3-3 能階差參考電壓電路整體架構分析 40
3-4 電路模擬與分析 47
3-5 電路佈局與佈局後之模擬結果 62

第四章 低壓曲率補償能階差參考電壓電路設計與分析 65
4-1 低壓曲率補償能階差參考電壓電路 65
4-2 電路模擬與分析 70
4-3 電路佈局與佈局後之模擬結果 76


第五章 結論與未來展望 78
5-1 結論 78
5-2 未來展望 79

參考資料 80

[1]P.K.T. Mok, K.N. Leung, ”Design Considerations of Recent Advanced Low-Voltage Low-Temperature-Coefficient CMOS Bandgap Voltage Reference,” IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, pp.635-642,
Oct. 2004.

[2]R.J. Widlar,”New Developments in IC Voltage Regulators,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. SC-l6, pp.2-7, Feb. 1971.

[3]K.E. Kuijk, “A Precision Voltage Source,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. SC-8, pp.222-226, Jun. 1973.

[4]A.P. Brokaw, “A Simple Three-Terminal IC Bandgap Reference,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. SC-9, pp.388-393, Dec. 1974.

[5]B. Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, McGraw Hill, 2001.

[6]H. Banba, H. Shiga, A. Umezawa, T. Tanzawa, S. Atsumi and K. Sakui, “A CMOS Bandgap Reference Circuit with Sub-1 -V Operation,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 34, pp. 670-674, May. 1999.

[7]Y. Jiang and E.K.F. Lee, “Design of Low-Voltage Bandgap Reference Using Transimpedance Amplifier,” IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems IZ, vol. 47, pp.552-555, Jun. 2000.

[8]M. Gunawan, G. Meijer, J. Fonderie, and H. Huijsing, “A curvature corrected low-voltage bandgap reference,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 28, pp.667–670, June. 1993.

[9]K.N. Leung, P.K.T. Mok, “A CMOS Voltage Reference Based on Weighted for CMOS Low-Dropout Linear Regulators,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol.38, pp.146-150, Jan. 2003.



[10]G.A. Rincon-Mora, Voltage Reference : From Diodes to Precision High-Order Bandgap Circuit, IEEE Press, 2002

[11]B.S. Song, P.R. Gray, ” A precision curvature-compensated CMOS bandgap reference,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 8, pp.634-643, Dec. 1983

[12]R.J. Baker, H.W Li, D.E. Boyce, CMOS-Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation, IEEE Press, 1998.

[13]K.N. hung, P.K.T. Mok and C.Y. hung, “A 2-V 23-uA 5.3-ppm/oC Curvature-Compensated CMOS Bandgap Reference,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuiis, Vol. 38, pp.561-564, Mar. 2003.

[14]S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconduct or Devices, John Wiley & Sons, 1969.

[15]P. Gray, P.J. Hurst, S.H. Lewis, R.G. Meyer, Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2001.

[16]K.N. Leung and P.K.T. Mok, “A Sub-1-V 15-ppm/oC CMOS Bandgap Voltage Reference without Requiring Low Threshold Voltage Device,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vo1.37, pp.526-530, Apr. 2002.

[17]P. Malcovati, F. Maloberti, C. Fiocchi, M. Pruzzi, “Curvature-Compensated BiCMOS Bandgap with 1-V Supply Voltage,” IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuits, Vol.36, pp.1076-1081, July. 2001.