臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

自行車在台灣是極為普遍之交通工具，與國人之日常生活關係極為密切。騎乘自行車發生事故時，嚴重的頭部外傷是常見主因之一，每年在美國造成約800人死亡及17,000人住院，在台灣則平均每年有304件頭部外傷案例，故配戴安全帽防止頭部損傷對騎乘自行車是重要的。為評估安全帽吸收撞擊能量的性能，自行車安全帽必須進行相關的撞擊測試，並量測頭模加速度值以評估撞擊吸收的性能，確保安全帽符合安全標準。本論文首先使用LS-DYNA軟體依據歐盟EN 1078:2006、美國CPSC及澳大利亞SNELL B95自行車安全帽標準所規範的條件建構安全帽撞擊測試有限元素模型及模擬分析，並且為確認所建構有限元素模型的正確性，模擬分析結果並與實驗測試結果進行比較，結果顯示所建構的安全帽衝擊測試模型可應用於安全帽安全性能的評估。由於自行車安全帽主要係由內襯吸收大部份的撞擊能量，為設計高防護性的安全帽內襯結構，本論文針對新型內襯材料依據三種標準規範使用數值模擬進行安全帽性能比較，研究結果顯示發泡聚丙烯(EPP)內襯材料安全帽的防護性高於其他形式的內襯。本論文提出的安全帽新型內襯材料顯示具高能量吸收的特性，可提供國內自行車廠商參考，並且所建構的安全帽撞擊測試數值模型可提供為自行車安全帽安全性評估的工具。

Bicycle is extremely popular and provides a very important means of transportation in Taiwan. The biggest threat to bicyclist is the head injury in a bicycle accident. Annually, there were 800 deaths and 17 000 hospitalizations resulting from bicycle accidents in USA. In Taiwan, there were around 304 head injury cases related to bicycle accidents every year. Bicyclists are urged to protect themselves in the event of a bicycle accident by wearing helmets. A bicycle helmet should maintain the desirable performance, which is reducing the head acceleration during impacts. Therefore, bicycle helmets are tested to ensure a minimum level of performance by the helmet for a range of criteria that affect safety. To test the energy absorbing capabilities of helmet, the results of the linear acceleration of the headform is measured during the impact test. Firstly, this study constructs a finite element model of helmet impact test using LS-DYNA software based on the EN 1078:2006、CPSC and SNELL B95 standard. To verify the accuracy of the proposed numerical model to simulate impact test, simulation results are compared with those obtained from experimental tests. The comparison results indicate that the proposed numerical model of impact test has considerable potential for evaluating the performance and safety effectiveness of helmet. During an accident, the main part of a helmet responsible for shock absorption is the energy absorbing liner. To determine a structure of liner that reaches high effective protection, helmet models with new liner material were considered. A comparative study of different liner materials on the impact performance has been performed using FE simulation based on three standards. The analyzed results indicated that the Expanded Polypropylene(EPP) liner material dominates over other liner materials. This new helmet liner material demonstrated high energy-absorbing capabilities. The design guideline obtained in this study may serve as a useful reference for designers on future development of helmet safety technologies. Furthermore, the finite element model of helmet impact test can be useful to evaluate the shock-absorption abilities.

封面內頁
簽名頁
中文摘要…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………iii
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………iv
誌謝…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………vi
目錄………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………viii
圖目錄……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………xii
表目錄……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………xvi

第一章 前言……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……1
1.1 研究動機 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….………1
1.2 文獻回顧 ………………………………………………………………………………………….………………3
1.3 論文目的 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10
1.4 論文架構 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..12
第二章 自行車安全帽標準 …………………………………………………………………………………13
2.1 歐盟 EN 1078:2006標準…………………………………………………………………………………14
2.1.1 安全帽撞擊測試程序…………………………………………………………………………………..15
2.1.2 安全帽撞擊測試規範……………………………………………………………..……………………16
2.1.3 安全帽撞擊測試標準………………………………………………………..…………………………17
2.2 美國CPSC:16 CFR Part 1203標準……………………………………………………………………17
2.2.1 安全帽撞擊測試程序…………………………………………………………………………………..18
2.2.2 安全帽撞擊測試規範 …………………………………………………………………………………18
2.2.3 安全帽撞擊測試標準 …………………………………………………………………………………19
2.3 澳大利亞SNELL B95標準………………………………………………………………………………..20
2.3.1 安全帽撞擊測試程序 …………………………………………………………………………………20
2.3.2 安全帽撞擊測試規範 …………………………………………………………………………………21
2.3.3 安全帽撞擊測試標準 …………………………………………………………………………………22
第三章 自行車安全帽數值分析之理論基礎………………………………………………………..34
3.1 自行車安全帽碰撞之數值分析理論…………………………………………………………….…35
3.1.1 運動方程式…………………………………………………………………………………………………..35
3.1.2 時間積分(Time Integration) …………………………………………………………………………36
3.2 數值分析流程與設定………………………………………………………………………………………37
3.2.1 前處理………………………………………………………………………………………………………….37
3.2.2 LS-DYNA3D主程式處理…………………………………………………………………………………42
3.2.3 後處理………………………………………………………………………………………………………….42
第四章 EN 1078自行車安全帽撞擊測試有限元素模型………………………………………47
4.1 安全帽有限元素模型………………………………………………………………………………………48
4.1.1 內襯………………………………………………………………………………………………………………49
4.1.2 外殼………………………………………………………………………………………………………………49
4.1.3 下巴繫帶………………………………………………………………………………………………………49
4.2 頭模有限元素模型…………………………………………………………………………………….……50
4.3 鋼鉆有限元素模型…………………………………………………………………………………….……50
4.3.1 平鉆(flat anvil) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..51
4.3.2 路邊石鉆(curbstone) …………………………………………………………………………….……..51
4.4 EN 1078標準之安全帽撞擊測試模型…………………………………………………….……….51
4.5 安全帽撞擊測試模擬結果……………………………………………………………….……………..52
4.6 安全帽撞擊測試模型驗證………………………………………………………………………………52
4.6.1 撞擊測試步驟………………………………………………………………………………………………53
4.6.2 撞擊測試結果………………………………………………………………………………………………55
4.6.3 安全帽撞擊測試數值模擬驗證……………………………………………………………………56
第五章 CPSC及SNELL B95自行車安全帽撞擊測試有限元素模型………………………71
5.1 CPSC標準安全帽撞擊測試數值模型………………………………………………………………71
5.1.1 安全帽有限元素模型…………………………………………………………………………………..71
5.1.2 半頭模有限元素模型…………………………………………………………………………………..72
5.1.3 鋼鉆有限元素模型…………………………………………………………………………….………..72
5.1.4 安全帽撞擊測試模型…………………………………………………………………………………..73
5.2 CPSC標準安全帽撞擊測試模擬結果……………………………………………………………….74
5.3 SNELL B95標準安全帽撞擊測試數值模型……………………………………………….……..75
5.3.1 安全帽有限元素模型…………………………………………………………………………………..75
5.3.2 半頭模有限元素模型…………………………………………………………………………………..75
5.3.3 鋼鉆有限元素模型……………………………………………………….……………………………..76
5.3.4 安全帽撞擊測試模型…………………………………………………………………………………..77
5.4 SNELL B95標準安全帽撞擊測試模擬結果…………………….………………………………..78
第六章 自行車安全帽新型內襯材料之分析………………………………………………………..90
6.1 發泡聚丙烯(EPP)內襯材料分析……………………………………………………………………..91
6.1.1 EPP材料特性………………………………………………………….……………………………………..91
6.1.2 EPP內襯材料安全帽撞擊測試模型…………………….………………………………………..91
6.1.3 EPP內襯材料安全帽撞擊測試模擬結果…………………….………………………………..92
6.2 發泡聚氨酯(EPU)內襯材料分析…………………….………………………………………..……..93
6.2.1 EPU材料特性…………………….…………………………………………………………..……………..94
6.2.2 EPU內襯材料安全帽撞擊測試模型……………………………………………………………..94
6.2.3 EPU內襯材料安全帽撞擊測試模擬結果…………………….………………………………..95
6.3 新型內襯材料安全帽撞擊測試模擬結果之比較 …………………….………….………..96
6.3.1 EN1078標準 …………………….…………………………………………………..……………………..97
6.3.2 CPSC標準…………………….……………………………………………………..………………………..97
6.3.3 SNELL B95標準……………………………………………………..………………………………………99
6.3.4 撞擊測試模擬結果之比較…………………………………….………………..…………………100
第七章 結論與未來展望……………………………………………………..……………………………..110
參考文獻……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………113

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