臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

定位(Localization)已成為目前現今不可或缺的技術之一。不論是民生、救災及學術研究，皆有其相關應用或服務。有鑑於此，我們使用搭載Android行動平台的手持式裝置，利用手持裝置輕便及易於攜帶的好處，作為定位資料的收集並展現定位結果。同時，手持式裝置上已搭載GPS (Global Positioning System)模組可提供手機定位，但如果欲定位的裝置為無線基地台或其他未搭載GPS功能的無線裝置，因受限於手持端只能接收到基地台的訊號強度供定位計算。這種情況下，大多都是以三角定位(Trilateration)計算基地台的位置，但訊號強度容易受環境、溼度與溫度等影響，導致參考座標取樣時不易訂定出合適的環境參數，增加定位時的難度。
本論文混合訊號強度法(Received Signal Strength Indication)與無範圍基礎(Range-Free)定位方式中常用的ER (Estimative Region)進行定位的範圍劃分，簡化定位時的運算複雜度，使得參考座標數量不受限制，提高可利用的參考座標數量，此方法也可以降低不同訊號衰減係數的誤差程度。最後，利用本論文提出的Reduced ER方法，給定一個縮減距離的參數用於縮小ER的範圍，減少定位的誤差，再輔以Google Map展示實驗成果，並提供一個合適的參數範例與使用時機。
本論文提出的定位方法，可擴展至許多應用之上，例如定位的結果可作為網路換手(Handover)的輔助條件、Wi-Fi Position System的基地台定位或感測網路等，提供一個簡單、有效率的定位應用。

As far as network deployment or topology is concerned, location information of certain nodes is essential for many applications like route discovery, disaster relief, and location-based services. Nowadays localization has become an important technique of avail to people’s everyday lives. Yet there are quantities of wireless nodes such as indoor base stations whose accurate locations remain unknown or even hard to acquire. As a remedy, this thesis is leveraging the use of Android handsets that feature portability and more computing capability to collect data for localization and display experiment results thereof. Our treatment is to exploit Android handsets equipped with the GPS (Global Positioning System) module to carry out the localization process. Our objective is to locate GPS-incapable wireless nodes by means of the received signal strengths from these sites.
Nonetheless, radio signal strengths are easily influenced by the environment, humidity and temperature, causing difficulties while determining environmental parameters from the collected coordinate samples, not to mention localization assessments.
This thesis presents hybrid means to incorporate Received Signal Strength Indication used in range-based schemes with the notion of ER (Estimative Region) adopted in the range –free method to refine the region of interest for localization. Our scheme operates without involved computations so that reference coordinates can be unlimited in number such as to accommodate more usable coordinates. Our methodology can also mitigate the errors of estimation resulting from different radio signal propagation scenarios. Further, we propose a Reduced ER method that takes an additional parameter to narrow ER size for ameliorating localization accuracy.
Finally, experiments are conducted to demonstrate our performance results through Google Map, on the handset and through quantitative comparisons with trilateration under different settings. Performance results show the effectiveness of our development.
Our proposed approaches lend themselves to several applications including network assisted handover, Wi-Fi Positioning System, and object tracking in wireless sensor networks.

目 錄
摘 要 i
Abstract ii
誌 謝 iv
目 錄 v
表 目 錄 vii
圖 目 錄 viii
第一章 序論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究方法 1
1.3 論文架構 2
第二章 文獻探討 3
2.1 全球定位系統(Global Positioning System, GPS) 3
2.2 範圍基礎(Range-Based)的定位方式 4
2.3 無範圍基礎(Range-Free)的定位方式 5
2.4 文獻探討總結 14
第三章 Android架構介紹 16
3.1 Android概述 16
3.2 生命週期(Lifecycle) 19
3.3 應用程式元件 23
3.4 Google Map服務 27
第四章 實作方法與結果分析 30
4.1 Estimative Region 31
4.2 Reduced ER 32
4.3 實作環境與應用程式 36
4.4 平均誤差距離比較 40
4.5 Reduce值差異 45
4.6 探討α值影響 47
第五章 結論與未來展望 48
5.1 結論 48
5.2 可能問題與未來展望 49
參考文獻 50
作者簡歷 53

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