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研究生:何懷天
研究生(外文):Huai-Tien Ho
論文名稱:墾丁珊瑚礁海域顆粒中疏水性有機污染物分佈
論文名稱(外文):Distributions of particulate hydrophobic organic contaminants in coral reef waters, Kenting
指導教授:柯風溪
指導教授(外文):Fung-Chi Ko
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立東華大學
系所名稱:海洋生物多樣性及演化研究所
學門:自然科學學門
學類:海洋科學學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2009
畢業學年度:97
語文別:中文
論文頁數:88
中文關鍵詞:多溴聯苯醚多環芳香烴多氯聯苯側向傳輸沉降顆粒收集器底泥再懸浮
外文關鍵詞:PAHSediment trapsSediment resuspensionsPCBLateral inputsPBDE
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本研究利用沉降顆粒收集器,於台灣最南端的墾丁珊瑚礁海域 (水深 6–10 m),收集並分析水中沉降與再懸浮顆粒,以及表層底泥中多環芳香烴 (PAH)、多氯聯苯 (PCB) 與多溴聯苯醚 (PBDE) 含量在不同季節 (時間) 與地點 (空間) 分佈的狀況。野外樣本經萃取、濃縮等化學分析步驟後,以氣相層析儀 (GC) 偵測各待測污染物的含量。結果顯示除核三廠入水口外,墾丁海域溼季水體中收集到的顆粒量 (TSP) 顯著高於乾季 (197.8 > 6 mg / cm2•day),顆粒的側向傳輸與底泥的再懸浮可能是主要影響因素。顆粒性有機碳 (POC) 與 PAH 有高度相關 (r = 0.70),與 PCB 和 PBDE 僅為中度相關。三種待測污染物於沉降顆粒中的總濃度,乾季均顯著高於溼季 (PAH: 249.8 > 175.7 ng / g; PCB: 73.7 > 6.6 ng / g; PBDE: 54.3 > 3.9 ng / g),推測與顆粒量多寡造成的稀釋效應有關。多環芳香烴與多溴聯苯醚,在表層底泥中的含量顯著低於在沉降顆粒中的 (PAH: 29.3 < 212.7 ng / g; PBDE: 1.9 < 29.1 ng / g),推測此兩種化合物可能仍在持續輸入;而多氯聯苯則均勻分佈,顯示其在環境中的含量可能已達平衡。利用主成份分析得知,多環芳香烴乾溼季樣品組成上有所差異,多溴聯苯醚在溼季跳石與萬里桐的組成較為特殊,多氯聯苯則無明顯分群。由物種比例 (isomer ratio) 發現,人為活動產生的運輸滲漏與石油衍生物為多環芳香烴之主要污染源。多溴聯苯醚以 BDE-203 和 209 為主要含量,兩者間比例的差異決定樣品的分群,可能在特定時間與地點有持續散溢污染的熱點。與全球相關研究比較發現,墾丁珊瑚礁海域之 PAH、PCB 與 PBDE 概屬較低程度的污染。
Settling particles and surface sediments were seasonally collected in Kenting coral reef waters of south Taiwan by using four sediment traps deployed at 6-10 m depth between Oct. 12, 2007 and Oct. 8, 2008. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) were analyzed to determine their temporal and spatial variations. Total settling particles (TSP) in the wet season were significantly higher than the dry season (197.8 > 6 mg/cm2•day), except at the Inlet site. Lateral inputs of particles and resuspension of sediments were probably the key factors. There were high correlations between particulate organic carbon (POC) and PAH (r = 0.70), but lower in PCB (r = 0.58) and PBDE (r = 0.56). Total concentrations of PAH, PCB, and PBDE in the settling particles during the dry season were significantly higher than during the wet season (249.8 > 175.7 ng/g, 73.7 > 6.6 ng/g; and 54.3 > 3.9 ng/g, respectively) because of the dilution of the amount of TSP. Total concentrations of PAH and PBDE in surface sediments were significantly lower than settling particles (29.3 < 212.7 ng/g, and 1.9 < 29.1 ng/g, respectively) but not for PCB , suggesting that PAHs and PBDEs might have continuous inputs to the waters in this area but PCBs have less new input to Kenting coral reef waters. Principal component analysis and isomer ratios suggested that PAHs had different patterns between dry and wet seasons, while petroleum-derived and vehicle emission may be the main sources t of PAHs. The distributions and patterns of PCBs suggested that it might be dispersed or transported in the area for a long time. BDE-203 and BDE-209 are the main compounds of PBDEs. Their specific patterns indicated that there might be a hot spot of contaminant source. Compare with data from the surface sediments worldwide, we found that PAH, PCB and PBDE levels rate as low in Kenting coral reef waters.
謝誌
中文摘要
英文摘要
目錄 …………………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
表目錄 ……………………………………………………………………………… Ⅳ
圖目錄 ……………………………………………………………………………… Ⅴ
第一章 前言
1.1. 研究動機 ………………………………………………………………… 1
1.2. 研究目的 ………………………………………………………………… 2
第二章 文獻回顧
2.1. 疏水性有機污染物的毒理特性 ………………………………………… 3
2.1.1. 多環芳香烴 (PAHs) 的物化性質與毒理效應 ………………………………… 3
2.1.2. 多氯聯苯 (PCBs) 的物化性質與毒理效應 …………………………………… 5
2.1.3. 多溴聯苯醚 (PBDEs) 的物化性質與毒理效應 ……………………………… 7
2.2. 水域顆粒族群的動態影響污染物的分佈 ……………………………… 8
2.3. 墾丁海域的環境概述 …………………………………………………… 8
2.3.1. 地理位置與範圍 …………………………………………………………… 8
2.3.2. 氣候、地形與海流 ………………………………………………………… 9
第三章 材料與方法
3.1. 研究時間與地點 ………………………………………………………… 11
3.2. 沉降顆粒收集器與野外採樣 …………………………………………… 11
3.3. 分析方法與步驟 ……………………………………………………………… 12
3.3.1. 總沉降顆粒量分析 ……………………………………………………… 13
3.3.2. 顆粒性有機碳含量分析 …………………………………………………… 14
3.3.3. 疏水性有機污染物含量分析 ……………………………………………… 14
3.4. 品保與品管 ……………………………………………………………… 18
3.4.1. 實驗方法回收率 ………………………………………………………… 18
3.4.2. 空白組與偵測極限 ……………………………………………………… 18
3.5. 資料處理與統計 ………………………………………………………… 18
3.5.1. 數據呈現與乾溼季分類 …………………………………………………… 18
3.5.2. 平均值比較與變異數分析 ………………………………………………… 19
3.5.3. 相關分析 ………………………………………………………………… 19
3.5.4. 主成分分析 ……………………………………………………………… 19
第四章 結果與討論
4.1. 墾丁海域總沉降顆粒量與其有機碳含量 ……………………………… 21
4.1.1. 總沉降顆粒量的時空變化 ………………………………………………… 21
4.1.2. 沉降顆粒與表層底泥有機碳含量百分比 …………………………………… 21
4.1.3. 各待測污染物含量與有機碳含量的關係 …………………………………… 22
4.2. 墾丁海域多環芳香烴的分佈 …………………………………………… 23
4.2.1. 沉降顆粒中多環芳香烴含量的時空變化 …………………………………… 23
4.2.1. 表層底泥中多環芳香烴含量的時空變化 …………………………………… 23
4.2.2. 墾丁海域多環芳香烴的組成 ……………………………………………… 23
4.3. 墾丁海域多氯聯苯的分佈 ……………………………………………… 25
4.3.1. 沉降顆粒中多氯聯苯含量的時空變化 ……………………………………… 25
4.3.1. 表層底泥中多氯聯苯含量的時空變化 ……………………………………… 26
4.3.2. 墾丁海域多氯聯苯的組成 ………………………………………………… 26
4.4. 墾丁海域多溴聯苯醚的分佈 …………………………………………… 26
4.4.1. 沉降顆粒中多溴聯苯醚含量的時空變化 …………………………………… 26
4.4.1. 表層底泥中多溴聯苯醚含量的時空變化 …………………………………… 27
4.4.2. 墾丁海域多溴聯苯醚的組成 ……………………………………………… 27
4.5. 綜合討論與國外文獻比較 ……………………………………………… 28
4.5.1. 環境因子影響總沉降顆粒量與污染物含量的變化 ………………………… 28
4.5.2. 墾丁地區人為活動影響污染物的組成 ……………………………………… 31
4.5.3. 全球文獻結果比較 ……………………………………………………… 33
第五章 總結與建議
5.1. 總結 ……………………………………………………………………… 37
5.2. 建議 ……………………………………………………………………… 38
參考文獻 ……………………………………………………………… 39
附表 …………………………………………………………………… 51
附圖 …………………………………………………………………… 69
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