臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

印度政府對於「2012年全體國民皆有能源可用」(Power for all by 2012)有野心勃勃的使命感。這個使命需要於2012年時，將裝設的發電能力從現在的114,000百萬瓦特至少提升到200,000瓦特。為了能夠將這些能源傳遞到整各國家中，地方輸配電網絡(grid-network)的拓展與地區內傳送能源的能力，都將變成是基本要求。後者是相當必須的，因為國家的資源並非平均分布，再加上有許多需要大量電力的地區卻沒有自己的電力來源，導致電力被傳送的距離常常遙遠。
印度政府野心勃勃的計畫是能夠被達成的。發電雖然是一項重要的事情，但真正的挑戰是區域分佈的問題，與如何將其傳遞到印度的每一個偏遠農村地區。目前，印度仍有70%的人生活在相當簡陋的農村環境中。印度也因為其老舊的電力分配方式與管理不當讓電力傳輸相當無效率而惡名昭彰。印度為了改善這樣的情況而做了執行了許多改善措施，但都只是快速的解決問題；政府與私人機關在於建立一個以生態保育(eco-friendly)與高效率發電方式為基礎的小型發電廠中，能夠扮演一個相當重要的角色。印度的西方及東北方皆富有豐富的天然氣。不幸的是，這些地方都相當的偏僻，特別是東北方那一區塊。因此傳遞能源就變成是一個相當大的挑戰。在尋求這個挑戰的解決方法時，我們能夠更明智的去選擇比較環保的方法。在為專案尋求最佳的解決方法時，可以透過仔細衡量常見與非常見的電力來源，來找出最佳解。最佳的策略當然是運用當地的天然氣，這亦是個符合環保的選擇。在於挖掘可利用的天然氣，我們所需要的技術是正確的規範並容易執行的。一個數百萬元的龐大瓦斯能源發電廠在偏遠農村中是不可能被完成或執行的；但是一些較小規模的設施可能更加適合。
在此，我們便看到了一個環保綠化技術可能執行的更好的機會。台灣的克瑪里能源科技股份有限公司在於組成先鋒氣輪機發電器就有他們自己的解決方法。簡易設定與效率被與生態環保(eco-friendly)技術聯想在一起，氣輪機發電器透過提供不間斷的能源，在於有大量需求的農村發展中，可被視為是一個潛在的解決方案。
關鍵字：替代性能源、氣輪機發電器、熱轉換器、發生器裝置、節能、液化石油氣(LPG) 或 液化天然氣(LNG)

The Government of India has an ambitious mission of ‘power for all by 2012’. This mission would require that the installed generation capacity should be at least 200,000 MW by 2012 from the present level of 114,000 MW. To be able to deliver this power to the entire nation, an expansion of the regional transmission grid-network and inter regional capacity to transmit power would be essential. The latter is required because resources are unevenly distributed in the country and power needs to be transmitted through great distances to areas where load centres exist.
Indian government’s ambitious plan can be met. Power generation is one thing but distribution and last mile delivery is a real challenge in remote rural India. 70% of India still lives in such rural settings. India is also notorious for loss of power in distribution due to its out dated distribution infrastructure and mismanagement. A lot is being done to improve the situation however to fast remedy the problem; government and private players can play an important role in setting up small power plants that are based on eco-friendly and efficient mode of power generation. India’s western states and North eastern states are rich in natural gas. Unfortunately these areas are also remote, especially the North Eastern sector. Delivering power is quite a challenge. In search for a solution to this challenge we could be wise to choose greener solutions than otherwise. In the quest of which solution would be suitable for the chosen project, one could look across an array of available conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. Utilizing the locally available natural gas would be a right strategy. It also suits as a green choice. To exploit the availability of natural gas we would need technologies that are of right scale and are easily executable. A multi-million dollar mega gas power generation plant is neither plausible nor executable in those rural settings; however something of a smaller scale could be a good fit. There we see an opportunity for a green technology that may work wonder. Taiwan based Green Power Engineering Corporation has a solution in the form of their cutting edge gas turbine generator. With ease of setup and efficiency coupled with eco-friendly technology, the Gas turbine generators has the potential to be the solution to the much needed rural development by providing them continuous power.

Abstract 4
Chapter 1: Introduction 12
1.1 Background and Research Motivation 12
1.1.1: My Ancestral Village: 12
1.1.2: Issues of small village 12
1.1.3: Persistence Problem 13
1.1.4 The Central Electricity Authority: 13
1.1.5: A brief introduction to Indian power sector: 14
1.1.6: Efficiency is increasing 16
1.1.7: Per capita consumption is increasing too 17
1.1.8: The demand – supply gap is growing 18
1.2: Root of the Problem 18
1.2.1: Cause #1- Insufficient Generation Capacity 19
1.2.2: Cause#2- Dismal T&D infrastructure 19
Chapter 2: Definitions of Key Words, and Review of Literature 21
2.1: Definition of Key Words 21
2.2: Supportive literature 25
2.2.1: Literature On Feasibility Study 25
2.2.2 Literature of Distributed Generation Systems 30
2.2.3: Literature on Utility Market Deregulation 47
Chapter 3: Methodology 56
Chapter 4: Technical Feasibility 58
4.1: Technical feasibility 58
4.2: Pilot Project 58
4.3: Considering alternative sources of power generation 59
Conclusion: 62
4.4: Micro Gas turbine generator 64
4.5: CHP & DG systems 64
4.5.1: CHP System 64
4.7: GPE’s MGT-150 the generator comes into the picture- 67
4.8: Introduction to Green Power Engineering Corporation. (GPE) Firm’s Background 67
4.9: Introduction to the MGT 150MW Generator’s technical specifications 68
4.9.1: MGT-150 Product technical specification:- 69
4.9.2: Product Features- 70
4.10: Cross comparison of Micro Gas Turbine with oil based generator sets- Specific features and comparison with alternative system 71
Chapter 5: Feasibility with respect to Government Policies and Regulations: 75
5.1 Section I. Feasibility with respect to Electricity Policies 75
5.1.1 Post-2003 Era- EA2003 75
5.2: Section II. Feasibility with respect to Natural Gas Policy 80
5.2.1: Natural Gas Policies & Regulations 80
5.3: The Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) 83
Chapter 6: Financial Feasibility 85
6.1: Financial Feasibility 85
6.1.1: Project operational factors consideration 86
6.1.2 : Project Cost-Calculation considerations: 87
6.1.3: Cost Calculation 87
6.3: Conclusion of Financial feasibility Analysis- 90
Chapter 7: Marketing 91
7.1: Marketing the MGT-150 in India 91
7.2: Target Market- 93
7.3: Marketing Channels- 94
Chapter 8: Conclusion 95
8.1: Suggestions for Indian Government: 95
8.2: Suggestions for entrepreneurs: 96
Bibliography 98
Website Sources 102

Architecture of Power Markets Author(s): Robert Wilson Source: Econometrica, Vol. 70, No. 4, (Jul., 2002), pp. 1299-1340
Economic Feasibility of Solar Water and Space Heating Author(s): Roger H. Bezdek, Alan S. Hirshberg, William H. Babcock Source: Science, New Series, Vol. 203, No. 4386, (Mar. 23, 1979), pp. 1214-1220
Microturbine Technology and Business Developments - A presentation reviewing state-of-the art microturbine developments, given at the World Energy Engineering Congress in Atlanta, on October 26, 2000, by N. Richard Friedman.
Micro and Mini Turbine Technology - A presentation of DG technologies, focusing on micro and mini turbines, presented at the West Coast Energy Management Congress on June 21, 2000, by E.J. Honton.
Report of the U.S. Department of Energy''s Power Outage Study Team - Findings and recommendations to enhance reliability, based on the summer of 1999, a March 2000 Final Report.
Natural Gas Power Systems for the Distributed Generation Market - A Gas Research Institute technical paper delivered at the Power-Gen International Conference on November 30, 1999, by William E. Liss.
Review of Combined Heat and Power Technologies - A 32-page report funded by OIT, and done for the California Energy Commission, October 1999.
Book- “Markets for Power”, An Analysis of Electrical Utility Deregulation, authored by Paul L. Joskow and Richard Schmalensee, MIT press.
Distributed Generation: Technology Challenges and Needs - A presentation reviewing DG technology challenges, given at the American Power Conference in Chicago, on April 7, 1999, by N. Richard Friedman.
DG Technology Matrices - CADER''s subcommittee on technology issues produced this set of technology parameters during 1998-99.
The Fuel Cell Car as a Hydrogen Storage Device - A presentation that examines how the electric utility and automotive sectors are converging through the medium of the fuel cell car, presented at the National Hydrogen Conference, on April 28, 2004, by E.J. Honton.
DR Cost Impacts on T&D Systems - A presentation describing how DG may affect T&D system applications, presented at EPRI''s DR Week 2002, on March 21, 2002, by N. Richard Friedman and E.J. Honton.
Assessment of Distributed Generation Technology Applications - A report prepared by the Resource Dynamics Corporation for the Maine Public Utilities Commission, February 2001.
Increasing Power Reliability Via Distributed Generation - A presentation describing how evolving DG technologies can and are being used to increase both customer and grid reliability, presented at Power Quality 2000 on October 5, 2000, by E.J. Honton.
Industrial Applications for Micropower: A Market Assessment - A 59-page OIT report prepared in November 1999 by the Resource Dynamics Corporation.
Distributed Generation: Securing America''s Future with Reliable and Flexible Power - A summary of distributed generation by the Federal Energy Technology Center, October 1999.
Economics of Distributed Generation: T&D Applications - A presentation given at the AEIC-COEPA meeting in Sante Fe, on September 28, 1999, by Paul Lemar.
DG Deployment/Case Studies - A PowerPoint presentation of DG deployment and implementation case studies presented at the California Energy Commission''s Training Seminar on April 13, 1999.
Profits and Progress through Distributed Resources - by The Regulatory Assistance Project, November 1999.
Distributed Resources and Distribution Company Profitability - by The Regulatory Assistance Project, April 1999.
Transmission Pricing Issues for Electricity Generation from Renewable Resources - How the resolution of transmission pricing issues arising under FERC''s "open access" environment may affect the prospects for renewable-based electricity, by Larry Prete, March 1999.
Markets for Power: An Analysis of Electric Utility Deregulation
PL Joskow, R Schmalensee - 1983 - osti.gov (an analysis of electric utility deregulation).
Utility deregulation and its impact on industrial power systems
WJ Lee, CH Lin - Industry Applications Magazine, IEEE, 1998 - ieeexplore.ieee.org. This article will introduce the current development of utility deregulation and discuss its potential impact on the operation of an industrial power system.
Electric Utility Deregulation
SJ Rassenti, VL Smith - 1986 - Dept. of Economics, College of Business and Public.
[Book] Power Loss: The Origins of Deregulation and Restructuring in the American Electric Utility System, RF Hirsh - 1999 - JSTOR
Deregulation of electric utilities (Book)
G Zaccour - 1998 - osti.gov
Markets for power (Book)
PL Joskow, R Schmalensee - 1983 - mitpress.mit.edu From The MIT Press Classics Series: Markets for Power An Analysis of Electrical Utility Deregulation Paul L. Joskow and Richard Schmalensee


Website Sources

www.jstor.org
www.library.nsysu.edu.tw
http://powermin.nic.in/indian_electricity_scenario/power_for_all_target.htm
http://powermin.nic.in/JSP_SERVLETS/internal.jsp
http://petroleum.nic.in/natoppu.htm (Ministry of Petroleum, India)
http://www.gpe.com.tw/ (Green Power Engineering Corporation, Taiwan)
www.cea.gov.nic.in (Central Energy Authority)
www.wikipedia.com
http://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/wholefarm/pdf/c5-30.pdf
http://www.puc.state.tx.us/electric/business/dg/dgmanual.pdf
http://www.distributed-generation.com/library.htm
www.press.uchicago.edu (University of Chicago, Press)
www.ibef.org. (India Brand Equity Foundation)
http://mitpress.mit.edu/main/home/default.asp (Massachusetts Inst. of Tech. Press)
www.sup.org (Stanford University Press)
http://www.state.tx.us (State University of Texas)