臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

不論在衛星遙測、航空測量或地面觀測，利用各項糾正方法以提高精準性，是一個極其重要的課題；當具有不同光譜屬性的物質出現在同一個像元內時，就會出現混合像元。混合像元不完全屬於某一種地物，為了能讓影像分類更加精確，需要將混合像元分解成各種地物占像元的百分比，即混合像元分解計量模式。混合像元分解是遙測技術向定量化深入發展的重要技術。隨著觀測儀器的精良發展，來自於像元外背景所產生的鄰近效應的影響已不可被忽略，本文以室內實驗減少變因，探討土壤種類、背景植生密度、偏光鏡的有無、像元面積對植生光譜的影響，結果發現土壤種類、背景植生密度、偏光鏡的有無三者有極顯著影響。本研究探討像元內不同比率之植生及土壤混合光譜之反射率計量及光譜特徵，並利用偏光鏡探討像元外偏振光對像元內光譜計量的貢獻度，結果顯示以二次函數較能顯現其響應模式。

Accurate measurement and characterization of fluctuations in the remote sensing data from satellite, airborne or in situ measurement. The adjacency effect increases the reflection of the target pixel from nearby pixels and path scattering. When substances with different spectral properties in the same pixel within the time, there will be mixed pixel. Mixed pixel is not entirely belong to a particular surface features, in order to make image classification more precise, It is necessary to divide into a variety of features in the percentage of pixel. There are many mathematic models and atmospheric correction methods, which could remove the adjacency effect from the satellite and airborne imaginary, but few discusses are made about the influence of adjacency effect on field spectroscopy, especially the variable come from the measure distance, which means the size of the target pixel, and furthermore. As long as the measure distance increases, it may cause the path scattering unpolarized reflectance come from nearby pixels. Owing to the atmosphere and solar irradiance change varyingly in outdoor measurements, the research is indoor test under artificial light source to reduce the effect of uncertainties by measuring the reflectance of light energy from spectroradiometer. We evaluate the influence of pixel sizes on the adjacency effect from different background canopy density and selective absorption by polarizer. In this study, we discuss the contribution from differerent ratio of the vegetation and soil spectral reflectance and spectral characteristics, and the use of polarized lens that filter polarized light outside the pixal to find out the contribution to spectral reflectance, the results show a quadratic function can model its response mode.

一. 前言 ............................................................................................... 1
二. 前人研究 ...................................................................................... 3
(一) 光學發展簡介 ............................................................................. 3
(二) 幾何光學 ..................................................................................... 4
1. 光的直線傳播 ................................................................................ 4
2. 光的獨立傳播 ................................................................................ 5
3. 光的反射 ........................................................................................ 5
4. 光的折射 ........................................................................................ 5
5. 光的繞射 ........................................................................................ 5
6. 輻射度量 ........................................................................................ 6
(三) 波動光學 ..................................................................................... 7
1. 電場與磁場交互作用 .................................................................... 7
2. 光的偏極化 .................................................................................... 9
(四) 遙感探測技術 ........................................................................... 10
1. 定義及應用 .................................................................................. 10
2. 光電訊號原理 .............................................................................. 10
(五) 植生光譜 ................................................................................... 13
(六) 能量傳遞概論 ........................................................................... 14
(七) 鄰近效應 ................................................................................... 15
(八) 植生指標 ................................................................................... 16
(九) 迴歸分析 ................................................................................... 17
三. 材料與方法 ................................................................................. 19
(一) 實驗材料 ................................................................................... 19
(二) 實驗方法 .................................................................................... 21
四. 結果與討論 ................................................................................. 23
(一) 土壤光譜 ................................................................................... 23
1. 黑色土壤光譜 .............................................................................. 24
2. 紅色土壤光譜 .............................................................................. 26
(二) 相同測量像元面積下不同背景之影響 ................................... 28
1. 黑土背景土壤光譜 ...................................................................... 28
2. 紅土背景土壤光譜 ...................................................................... 41
3. 黑土光譜相關性分析 .................................................................. 54
4. 紅土光譜相關性分析 .................................................................. 56
(三) 不同測量像元面積下相同背景之影響 ................................... 59
1. 黑土背景土壤光譜 ...................................................................... 59
2. 紅土背景土壤光譜 ...................................................................... 72
3. 黑土光譜相關性分析 .................................................................. 84
4. 紅土光譜相關性分析 .................................................................. 86
(四) 對植生指數影響之變因分析 .................................................. 89
五. 結論 ............................................................................................ 90
六. 參考文獻 .................................................................................... 94

王鑫 (1977) 遙測學。大中國圖書公司，台北市。430 頁。
史文中(2008) 空間數據與空間分析不確定性原理。科學出版社，北京市。406 頁。
林金樹 (1994) 光譜指標在環境變遷檢測上功效之研究。航空測量及遙感探測 26: 43-78。
林金樹 (2001) 影像參數加權統計法PN 指標於土地利用型高光譜特徵選粹上之研究。航測及遙測學刊6(2): 1-20。
林金樹、管立豪 (2002) 利用航測與地理資訊系統技術調查阿里山針闊葉林自然保護區地形與林型分佈之研究。航測及遙測學刊7(1):35-52。
林務局 (1995) 第三次台灣森林資源及土地利用型調查。台灣省林務局。222 頁。
徐希孺(2005) 遙感物理。北京大學出版社，北京市。533 頁。
汪善勤、舒寧 (2007) 土壤定量遙感技術研究進展。遙感信息。2007(6)：89-93。
邱皓政 (2002) 社會與行為科學的量化研究與統計分析。五南圖書出版公司，台北市。496 頁。
焦國模 (1989) 森林航空測計學。南天書局有限公司，台北市。589-597頁。
張國平、張銘峰 (2005) 光電工程導論。高立圖書有限公司，台北縣。195頁。
承繼成、郭華東、史文中 (2003) 遙感數據的不確定性問題。科學出版社，北京市。247 頁。
浦瑞良、宮鵬 (2002) 高光譜遙測及其應用。五南圖書出版股份有限公司，台北市。332 頁。
黃衍介(2005) 近代實驗光學。東華書局，台北市。248 頁。
鍾錫華(2005) 現代光學基礎。北京大學出版社，北京市。478 頁。
馬仕穆 (2000) 以SPOT 衛星影像資料推估南仁山森林生態系之葉面積指
數及凋落物。國立屏東科技大學熱帶農業研究所碩士學位論文。
葉玉堂、饒建珍、肖峻 (2008) 幾何光學 。五南圖書出版股份有限公司，台北市。666 頁。
Bennett, C. A. (2008) Principles of Physical Optics. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 562pp.
Crippen R.E.(1987) The Regression Intersection Method of adjusting image data for band ratioing. International Journal of Remote Sensing 8(2):137–155.
Daughtry, C. S. T., C. L. Walthall, M. S. Kim, E. B. de Colstoun and J. E.McMurtrey III (2000) Estimating corn leaf chlorophyll concentration from leaf and canopy reflectance. Remote Sensing of Environment, 74, 229-239.
Hurcom, S. J. and A. R. Harrison (1998) The NDVI and spectraldecomposition for semi-arid vegetation abundance estimation.International Journal of Remote Sensing, 19, 3109-3125.
Ishiyama, T., S. Tanaka, K. Uchida, Y. Fujikawa, Y. Yamashita and M. Kato (2001) Relationship among Vegetation Variables and Vegetation Features of Arid Lands Derived from Satellite Data. Advances in Space Research 28(1):183-188.
Justice, C.O., E. Vermote, J. R. G. Townshend, R. Defries, D. P. Roy, D. K. Hall, V. V. Salomonson, J. L. Privette, G. Riggs, A. Strahler, W. Lucht, R. B. Myneni, Y. Knyazikhin, S. W. Running, R. R. Nemani, W. Zhengming, A. R. Huete, W. V. Leeuwen, R. E. Wolfe, L. Giglio, J. Muller, P. Lewis, M. J. Barnsley, (1998) The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS): Land Remote Sensing for Global Change Research. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 36(4):1228-1249.
Lillesand, T. M. and R. W. Kiefer (2000) Remote sensing and image interpretation, Wiley & Sons. New York. 724pp.
Ma,.J and X. Chen (2006) Adjacency ef fect estimation by ground spectra measurement and satellite optical sensor synchronous observation data. Chinese Optics Letters. (4)9:546-549.
Otterman, J. R. S. Fraser (1979) Adjacency effects on imaging by surface reflecation and atmospheric scattering: cross radiance to zenith. Applied Optics 18(16): 2852–2860.
Reinersman P. N., K. L. Carder (1995) Monte Carlo simulation of the atmospheric point-spread function with an application to correction for the adjacency effect. Applied Optics,(34)21:4453-4471.
Sanders L. C., J. R. Schott and R. Raqueno (2001) A VNIR/SWIR atmospheric correction algorithm for hyperspectral imagery with adjacency effect. Remote Sensing of Environment, 78, 252– 263
Schläpfer, D., C. Borel, J. Keller and K. Itten (1998) Atmospheric Precorrected Differential Absorption technique to retrieve water vapor. Remote Sensing Of Environment ,65, 353–366.
Serway, Raymond A. (1996). Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 4th edition. pp. 687.
Singer, R. B., T. B. Mccord (1979) Mars: Large scale mixing of bright and dark materials and implications for analysis of spectral reflectance. Lunar Planet. Sci. ,10, 1825–1848.
Singer, R. B. (1981) Near-infrared spectral reflectance ofmineral mixtures: systematic combinations of pyroxenes,olivine and iron oxides . Journal of geophysical Research ,86,7967-7982.