臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

禽畜糞堆肥中常含較高量銅和鋅，長期或大量施於土壤中，會造成土壤銅和鋅含量增加，影響土壤品質及植物生長。植生萃取技術是利用植物將汙染物累積於植體內，隨後將之移除，以降低土壤中污染物濃度。本研究分二部分，第一部分為向日葵生長試驗，第二部分為滿江紅生長試驗。
向日葵為生長快速及吸收重金屬能力強之作物，土壤pH值是影響鋅在土壤中有效性的重要因子。利用兩種不同品種向日葵 (綠肥用及日輝)，種植於分別添加0、2及4 g/kg 硫磺之長期施用有機質肥料之有機蔬菜園土壤，其pH值為6.83，0.1 N HCl可萃取性鋅含量為114 mg/kg，進行盆栽試驗。試驗結果，顯示開花期與種實成熟期之土壤pH值，均隨硫磺施用量增加而顯著降低。土壤0.1 N HCl萃取性鋅與錳含量，以4 g/kg處理之含量最低，不施硫磺處理之含量最高。4 g/kg硫磺處理之土壤全鋅量顯著低於無硫磺處理，開花期分別降低306 (綠肥用) 與281 (日輝) mg/pot，種實成熟期降低884 (綠肥用) 與638 (日輝) mg/pot。隨著硫磺施用量增加，植株鮮重、乾重及株高均明顯降低。植體氮濃度以2 g/kg處理最高，植體磷、鉀與鎂濃度以4 g/kg處理最高，植體鈣濃度以不施硫磺處理最高，植體錳、銅及鋅濃度均隨著硫磺施用量增加而顯著增加。而植體氮、鉀、鈣及鎂總吸收量隨著硫磺施用量增加而降低，植體鋅與錳總吸收量以4 g/kg處理最高，銅總吸收量以不施硫磺之處理最高，而鐵總吸收量則以2 g/kg處理最高。4 g/kg硫磺處理之植體鋅吸收量，開花期相較無硫磺處理分別增加3.31 (綠肥用) 與2.71 (日輝) mg/pot，種實成熟期增加4.01 (綠肥用) 與7.54 (日輝) mg/pot。施硫磺處理之向日葵植體增加之鋅吸收量遠低於土壤全鋅降低量，其原因應為施用硫磺顯著降低土壤pH值，增加土壤中鋅溶解度，在試驗期間隨著灌溉或雨水而淋洗出盆外，由此可推論在田間施行相同處理可能造成鋅由表土淋洗至深層土壤。
利用滿江紅分別接種於土壤翻攪有無處理之長期施用有機質肥料的有機蔬菜園土壤，其pH值為5.62，0.1 N HCl可萃取性鋅含量113 mg/kg，進行盆栽試驗。結果顯示，滿江紅生育日數受到週年氣溫變化之影響。滿江紅之鮮重及乾重，土壤翻攪有無之兩處理間未達顯著差異。植體磷、鉀、鈣與鎂濃度各處理間無顯著性差異，土壤不翻攪處理植體氮、鐵與錳濃度高於土壤翻攪處理，銅與鋅濃度則反之。土壤未翻攪處理植體氮、磷、鈣、鎂、鐵與錳吸收量高於土壤翻攪處理，銅與鋅吸收量則反之。土壤未翻攪處理植體氮與錳吸收量之總累積量顯著高於土壤翻攪處理。第一作滿江紅因同時生長有大量藻類，收穫之乾物重、植體鋅濃度及鋅吸收量顯著高於其他期作，但因其鋅濃度不高，且乾物量不多，故二十二作累積之鋅吸收量不高，僅為753 (不耕犁處理) g/ha 及820 (耕犁處理) g/ha，兩處理未達顯著性差異。長期浸水狀態使土壤pH值顯著上升，土壤0.1 N HCl萃取性鋅含量顯著降低，而土壤全鋅量並未顯著降低。試驗中滿江紅並未如前人研究中可吸收高鋅濃度，且土壤翻攪處理並未有效增加滿江紅吸收土壤鋅之效益，推估鋅可能仍固持在土壤中，甚少溶出，因此滿江紅可能生長於低鋅含量的水中，故鋅吸收量不如預期的高。

Livestock manure usually includes a large amounts of copper and zinc, which causes increasing copper and zinc content in the soil, influences soil quality and plant growth, when long-term or large amount application in the soil. Phytoextraction is utilizing plants to accumulate the pollutant from contaminated soil into the tissue of plants, which were then harvested and incinerated, reduced the content of pollutant in the soil. This study is divided two parts, one part is sunflower growth experiment, and one part is Azolla pinnata growth experiment.
In pot experiment of sunflower, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is fast-growing and which with high ability to absorb the heavy metal. Soil pH is one of the important factors influencing the bioavailability of zinc in the soil. Two kinds of sunflower variety were used in the test, grown on the soil of organic farming vegetable garden, which added 0, 2, and 4 g/kg sulfur. The pH value is 6.83, the 0.1 N HCl extractable Zn content is 114 mg/kg. The results shown the soil pH value at flowering and maturity stage significantly reduced as increased with the amount of sulfur application. The extractable Zn and Mn content of soil in 4 g/kg treatment was lowest, 0 g/kg treatment was highest. The total Zn content of soil in 4 g/kg treatment in both stage had significantly lower than 0 g/kg treatment. It reduced 306 (green manure variety) and 281 (sunbright) mg/pot at florescence stage, and 884 (green manure variety) and 638 (sunbright) mg/pot at seed mature stage.
Increased with the amount of sulfur application, the fresh matter, the dry matter and plant heights were significantly reduced. The N concentration of plant in 2 g/kg treatment was higher than others. The P, K, and Mg concentrations of plant in 4 g/kg treatment were higher than others. The Ca concentration of plant in 0 g/kg treatment was higher than others. The concentrations of Mn, Cu and Zn in plant organs significantly increased. N, K, Ca and Mg uptake of plant were reduced owing to the application of sulfur. Zn and Mn uptake of plant in 4 g/kg treatment were significantly higher than others. Cu uptake of plant in 0 g/kg treatment was higher than others. Fe uptake of plant in 2 g/kg treatment was higher than others. Zn uptake of plant in 4 g/kg treatment was significantly higher than 0 g/kg treatment, increased 3.31 (green manure variety) and 2.71 (sunbright) mg/pot at florescence stage, and 4.01 (green manure variety) and 7.54 (sunbright) mg/pot at seed mature stage. Zn uptake increased of plant in sulfur treatment was significantly lower than the total Zn content reduced of soil. Sulfur application significantly decreased the soil pH value, increased Zn solubility of soil. Under this status the Zn of soil must be leached outside when irrigated or rained during the experimental period, if applied same treatments in field, therefore, would be caused the Zn in the surface soil leached into the depth of soil.
In pot experiment of Azolla pinnata, the plant of Azolla pinnata grown on the organic farming vegetable garden soil, which with or without plough. The pH value is 5.62, the 0.1N HCl extractable Zn content is 113 mg/kg. The results shown the temperature changes significantly influenced the grown period of Azolla pinnata. Fresh weight and dry weight of Azolla pinnata in the soil with/without plough were not significantly different. The P, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations of plant were not significantly different between both two treatments. The N, Fe and Mn concentrations of plant in the soil without plough were higher than the soil with plough, whereas the Cu and Zn concentrations of plant in the soil without plough were lower than the soil with plough. N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn uptake of plant in the soil without plough were higher than the soil with plough, whereas Cu and Zn uptake of plant in the soil without plough were lower than the soil with plough. The accumulation of N and Mn uptake of plant in the soil without plough was significantly higher than the soil with plough. The first crop of Azolla pinnata included lots of the algae, caused dry weight, Zn concentration, and Zn uptake of Azolla pinnata enhanced at harvest, and that significantly higher than other crops, but the Zn concentration of Azolla pinnata was not high, and the dry weight of Azolla pinnata was not large, therefore the accumulation of Zn uptake of Azolla pinnata was not high. It were only 753 g/ha (without plough) and 820 g/ha (with plough) respectively. The soil under long-term flooded condition, soil pH value was significantly increased. The 0.1 N HCl extractable Zn content of soil was significantly reduced, but the total Zn content of soil was not significantly reduced. The soil with plough can not significantly increase the amount of Zn uptake of Azolla pinnata. Azolla pinnata in the experiment didn’t shown high zinc uptake ability. The soil with plough didn’t effective increase the zinc uptake of Azolla pinnata. The Zn must be still fixed in the soil, a few Zn content of soil dissolved, therefore, Azolla pinnata possibly grew in the water of low zinc content and so the amount of Zn uptake of Azolla pinnat was not high as expect.

目錄
中文摘要…………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
Abstract…………………………………………………………………….Ⅲ
謝誌………………………………………………………………………Ⅵ
目錄………………………………………………………………………...Ⅶ
圖表目錄…………………………………………………………………Ⅸ
壹、前言……………………………………………………………………1
貳、文獻回顧…………………………………………………………….…..3
一、土壤重金屬汙染……………………………………………………3
二、重金屬汙染土壤之復育技術………………………………………3
三、植生復育技術………………………………………………………4
(一) 植生復育技術之處理機制………………………………………4
(二) 植生復育技術之優缺點…………………………………………6
(三) 重金屬之植生萃取植物…………………………………………7
(四) 植物累積重金屬之可能機制……………………………………8
四、增進植生萃取技術成效之方法…………………………………….11
(一) 根圈土壤環境之調節.…………………………………………12
(二) 利用農耕技術增加植生萃取技術成效.………………………14
(三) 利用基因轉殖技術優化植物性能.……………………………14
五、鋅對植物生長之影響……………………………………………….15
六、向日葵.……………………………………………………………..15
七、滿江紅……………………………………………………………..16
参、材料與方法…………………………………………………………….18
一、試驗材料…………………………………………………………….18
(一) 供試土壤………………………………………………………18
(二) 供試作物………………………………………………………..18
二、試驗流程………………………………………………………….....19
三、試驗方法…………………………………………………………….20
(一) 施用硫磺對向日葵攝取重金屬鋅之影響……………………20
(二) 土壤翻攪有無對滿江紅攝取重金屬鋅之影響……………......23
(三) 分析方法………………………………………………………..25
(四) 統計分析………………………………………………………..28
肆、結果與討論……………………………………………………………29
第一部分 施用硫磺對向日葵攝取重金屬鋅之影響...........................29
一、供試土壤之基本理化性質................................................................29
二、施用硫磺對土壤pH值與土壤EC值之變化..................................30
(一) 對土壤pH值之影響....................................................................30
(二) 對土壤EC值之影響....................................................................32
三、盆栽試驗.............................................................................................34
(一) 施用硫磺對向日葵種植前土壤pH與EC值之影響..................34
(二) 施用硫磺對向日葵種植後土壤理化性質之影響......................34
(三) 施用硫磺對向日葵生育及乾物生長之影響..............................41
(四) 施用硫磺對向日葵元素吸收與濃度之影響..............................46
(五) 向日葵植生萃取鋅污染土壤之效益評估..................................71
第二部分 土壤翻攪有無對滿江紅攝取重金屬鋅之影響...................75
一、供試土壤基本性質與滿江紅植體組成分.......................................75
(一) 供試土壤之基本理化性質..........................................................75
(二) 供試滿江紅植體組成分..............................................................76
二、不同滿江紅接種量對生育日數之影響.............................................76
三、盆栽試驗.............................................................................................77
(一) 土壤翻攪有無對滿江紅生育日數與鮮、乾重之影響................77
(二) 土壤翻攪有無對滿江紅植體元素濃度之影響......................85
(三) 土壤翻攪有無對滿江紅元素吸收之影響..................................89
(四) 土壤翻攪有無對滿江紅種植後土壤理化性質之影響............100
伍、結論…………………………………………………………………..102
參考文獻……………………………………………………………….....103
附錄……………………………………………………………………….116
作者簡介………………………………………………………………….120

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