臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文旨在開發一具多再生能源與儲能設備家用微電網，其400V共同直流匯流排由各可能電源藉由直流/直流與交流/直流介面轉換器建立之。此處之特定研究包括太陽電池與交流電源，標稱48V之太陽電池藉由兩組交錯式升壓型直流/直流轉換器升壓至400V；而交流電源，則透過適當設計之維也納切換式整流器連接至共同直流匯流排，而交流電源亦可由市電與交流發電機提供。
所建之儲能系統含一鋰離子電池、一超級電容組及一飛輪，其中因缺乏實用之飛輪設備，於此以一反應輪取代。所有儲能裝置均經由雙向直流/直流轉換器介接至共同直流匯流排，經由適當設計之電力電路與控制機構，可獲得良好之充放電控制性能。於能源管控方面，可由所建之儲能系統快速提供當主電源發生故障時所需之備用能量。而當再生能源長期不足時，則藉由維也納切換式整流器作為插入式充電器對儲能設備進行充電。
為提供常用之家用交流電源，發展一單相三線式變頻器可從400V直流匯流排轉換產生60Hz 220V/110V之交流輸出。此單相三線變頻器採用市售之三相智慧型功率模組構成，並提出主僕式控制進行220V 及110V兩輸出波形之調節控制，其中兩外臂用以產生220V電壓之輸出，而中間臂則負責調節兩110V輸出波形之平衡。藉由所發展之控制技術，變頻器於未知負載下仍具良好之輸出弦波波形。
為促進系統小型化，所建微電網中之主直流電源、儲能設備及單相三相變頻器所用之介面轉換器僅利用兩個智慧型功率模組實現，其中並使用智慧型功率模組之兩個煞車臂建構交錯式直流/直流升壓轉換器，至於三相維也納切換式整流器之電力電路則使用其專用功率元件構成。在數位控制實務上，以兩數位訊號處理器實現所有微電網系統之控制法則，其中一數位訊號處理器用於切換式整流器之控制，而另一則用於其他所有功率級之數位控制。

This thesis presents the development of a home microgrid with multiple renewable sources and energy storage devices. Its 400V common DC bus voltage can be established by DC-DC and AC-DC interface converters from possible sources. The specific sources studied here include photovoltaic (PV) DC and AC sources. The PV source with nominal voltage of 48V is boosted to 400V using two interleaving boost DC/DC converters. As to the AC source, it is connected to the common DC bus via a properly designed Vienna three-phase switch-mode rectifier (SMR). The AC source can be the utility grid and permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG).
The developed energy storage system consists of a Li-ion battery bank, a super-capacitor bank and a flywheel, and the last one is substituted by an available reaction wheel owing to the lack of facility. Each storage device is interfaced to the 400V common DC bus by a bidirectional DC-DC converter. Through proper designs of power circuit and control scheme, the satisfactory charging and discharging control performances are achieved. In energy management control, the quick programmed energy support from the storage devices can be provided as the main source failure occurs. On the other hand, the established Vienna SMR can also be acted as a plug-in changer to charge the storage devices from the mains for the occurrence of long-term renewable energy exhaustion.
To provide the commonly used AC sources for the home appliances, a single-phase three-wire (1P3W) inverter is developed to yield 220V/110V AC outputs from the 400V DC grid. An off-the-shelf three phase intelligent power module (IPM) is employed to form this 1P3W inverter, a master and a slave control schemes are proposed to handle the two output waveform regulation controls. While the outside two legs of IPM are arranged to produce the 220V-voltage output, the middle leg is in charge of regulating the balance of two 110V-voltage outputs. Good inverter sinusoidal output waveforms are preserved under unknown loads via the developed control technique.
In the promotion of system miniaturization, only two IPMs are utilized to form the interfaced converters for the DC main source, the energy storage devices, and the 1P3W load inverter. Wherein the two interleaving DC/DC boost converters are constructed using the two brake legs in the employed IPMs. As to the three-phase Vienna SMR, the dedicated commercial power device is used to form its power circuit. In digital control affair, two digital signal processors (DSPs) are employed to realize all the control algorithms of the whole microgrid system, one for the SMR and the other one for all other power stages.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................i
ABSTRACT ...............................................ii
LIST OF CONTENTS .......................................iii
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................vi
LIST OF TABLES .........................................xiii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................1
CHAPTER 2 INTROUDUCTION TO MICRO-GRID AND
INTERFACTING POWER CONVERTERS ..........................6
2.1 Introduction .......................................6
2.2 Typical Micro-Grid Systems .........................6
2.3 Distributed and Renewable Sources ..................7
2.4 Energy Storage Devices .............................12
2.5 Some Interfacing DC-DC Converters of Micro-Grid System .................................................13
2.6 Inverters for Micro-Grid System ....................15
2.7 Operating Characteristics of PWM Inverters .........21
2.7.1 Single-Phase Sinusoidal PWM Inverter .............21
2.7.2 Three-Phase SPWM Inverter ........................23
2.8 Switch-Mode Rectifiers .............................26
2.9 System Configuration of the Developed Home Micro-Grid ...................................................27
CHAPTER 3 DEVELOPMENT OF A SWITCH-MODE RECTIFIER
BASED PLUG-IN AC/DC CONVERTER ..........................30
3.1 Introduction .......................................30
3.2 Introduction to DSP-Based Digital Control ..........30
3.3 Three-Phase Three-Switch Vienna SMR ................32
3.3.1 Design of Circuit Components .....................38
3.3.2 Control Schemes ..................................46
3.3.3 Simulated Results ................................47
3.3.4 Measured Results of the Established Vienna SMR ...51
CHAPTER 4 ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMON DC BUS VOLTAGE IN
DC MICRO-GRID FROM MAIN DC SOURCE ......................55
4.1 Introduction .......................................55
4.2 Some Existing DC-DC Converters .....................55
4.3 Development of Interleaving DC-DC Boost Converter ..61
4.3.1 Power Circuit ....................................64
4.3.2 Control Scheme ...................................65
4.4 Performance Evaluation for the Establish Common DC Bus ....................................................74
CHAPTER 5 ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM ........................78
5.1 Introduction .......................................78
5.2 Battery Energy Storage System ......................78
5.3 Super-capacitor Energy Storage System ..............81
5.4 Flywheel Energy Storage System .....................83
5.5 The Established Energy Storage System ..............83
5.6 Experimental Results of Energy Storage System ......91
5.6.1 Charging Mode of Battery Bank and Supercapacior ..91
5.6.2 Discharging Mode of Battery Bank .................94
5.6.3 Discharging Mode of Flywheel Energy Storage System .................................................96
CHAPTER 6 SINGLE-PHASE LOAD INVERTER ...................99
6.1 Introduction .......................................99
6.2 Some Possible Single-Phase Three-Wire Inverters ....99
6.3 The Developed Single-Phase Three-Wire Inverter .....100
6.3.1 System Configuration .............................100
6.3.2 Design of Output Filter ..........................103
6.3.3 Control Schemes ..................................105
6.3.4 The Proposed Unified Robust Tracking Error
Cancellation Control Methodology .......................107
6.3.5 Digital Control Realization ......................109
6.4 Experimental and Simulated Performance Evaluation of the
1P3W Inverter ..........................................111
6.4.1 Simulated Results of the Establish 1P3W Inverter .112
6.4.2 Measured Results of the Establish 1P3W Inverter ..117
CHAPTER 7 OPERATION CONTROL AND PERFORMANCE
ASSESSMENT FOR THE DEVELOPED WHOLE HOME
MICROGRID SYSTEM........................................123
7.1 Introduction .......................................123
7.2 System Configuration of the Established Home Micro-Grid
System .................................................123
7.3 Experimental Evaluation of the Whole Home Micro-Grid129
CHAPTER8 CONCLUSIONS ............................................148
REFERENCES .............................................150

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