臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

水為生命之所需，而且水資源對國家的發展也是非常重要的。現今由於不當的污廢水排放，已造成了不同尺度的河川污染四處發生；無疑地，地表水資源使用已被嚴重地影響。因此，對於污染源在排放進入河川之前的管理和的控制，對於維持水質是非常重要的。本研究中，創新的「整合性污染控制」及「流域整體性總量管制」的概念將被探討；而且「整合性污染控制決策支援模式」也被應用於河川水質管理，以達成所設定的適當目標；而該模式之優點如污染物質之負荷計算、水質改善之成本計算及地理資訊的結合等也將予以探討。案例研究之城市河川系統污染狀況將使用該模式進行分析，污染現狀及改善策略之結果也可使用MapInfo 地理資訊系統來展現。案例研究結果顯示該模式在確認及比對污染源的能力，模擬的結果也顯示紡織業是主要污染來源，需要被立即控制且降低污染排放量或改善污水處理程序。而且，以生化需氧量來看， 該城市內有一半的河川污染值都超過法定律的水質標準，於某些河川甚至超過水質標準兩倍以上，應該是優先納入改善目標。為改善生化需氧量能符合水質標準內，其污水處理程序必需升級（由初級處理改為二級處理以上），而模式亦能計算出其升級的平均成本費用及長期邊際成成本費用。所估計出廠商所需付出的高昂水質改善費用常可警惕工廠來降低污染排放量。最後，結合「整合性污染控制決策支援模式」和MapInfo地理資訊系統將可建立污染分佈背景地圖及相關資料庫，並提供給環境管理單位參考。而所有的資料將更容易公開及清楚展示，對關心的民眾和相關環保團體都可來分享資訊。

Water is the basic for lives. Moreover, water resources are very important for development of nations. But nowadays, water pollutions of different scales happen everywhere as a result of improper effluent control. So, surface water is seriously affected. The management and control of pollution sources before discharged into river are mostly important to maintain water quality. In this study, the innovated concepts of Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) and Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) are discussed. The Decision Support System for Integrated Pollution Control (DSS/IPC) model is applied to meet the goals of proper river management. Analysis of a study case of water pollution situation in a city was carried out and demonstrated by using DSS/IPC and MapInfo systems. The study identifies and compares major pollution sources for surface water within the study area. The simulated results also show the most serious pollution source, such as textile manufacturing, which needs to be controlled and reduced. Calculation of water pollutants quantity (especially BOD5) discharged into rivers indicates that, half of rivers beyond the legislated standard of BOD5 in study area are identified to be polluted. To reduce BOD5 concentration in polluted rivers to meet legislated standard, the reduction measures of industrial processes must upgrade to secondary treatment. In addition, the results also estimate the total cost for upgrading and the Long Run Marginal Cost (LRMC). The highly BOD5 effluent charge is proposed to encourage factories to reduce quantities of BOD5¬. Finally, a successful combination between the DSS/IPC and MapInfo, series of pollution maps and database were created for environmental managers, such as background pollution, river pollution, and serious sources pollution maps etc. Those maps will be easier to share and open all the information to concerned public and stakeholders.

摘 要 iv
Abstract vi
Acknowledgements vii
Contents viii
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xiv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Water resources and pollutions 1
1.2 Water quality management models 5
1.3 The objectives of thesis 8
Chapter 2 River Water Quality and Pollution Management 11
2.1 The sustainable use of water 11
2.2 Management of river water resources 13
2.2.1 Integrated river water resources planning 14
2.2.2 River water demand management 16
2.2.3 Institutional arrangements 17
2.2.4 Legal frameworks 18
2.2.5 Public participation 19
2.2.6 Effective technologies 20
2.2.7 Targets and costs 21
2.3 Total maximum daily load (TMDL) and integrated pollution control (IPC) 22
2.3.1 Total maximum daily load (TMDL) 22
2.3.2 Integrated pollution control (IPC) 25
2.3.3 IPC in Europe 27
2.4 The legislation of river water quality control 33
2.4.1 Legislation on water quality in Taiwan 33
2.4.2 Legislation on water quality in the United Kingdoms 36
2.4.3 Legislation on water quality in the United State of America 39
2.5. The practice of DSS/IPC 41
2.5.1 Decision Support System (DSS) 41
2.5.2 The practice of the DSS/IPC 42
Chapter 3 The DSS/IPC Model 46
3.1 Fundamentals of the DSS/IPC model 46
3.1.1 Structure of the database 46
3.1.2 Ambient water concentrations 47
3.1.3 Cost calculation 51
3.2. Basic functions of DSS/IPC 52
3.2.1 An educational tool 53
3.2.2 A reference database for pollution management. 54
3.2.3 A screening and data management tool 54
3.2.4 An analytical tool 56
3.2.5 Water pollution control 56
3.2.6 Analysis of pollution control policies 57
3.3 Advantages of the DSS/IPC 58
3.3.1 Cost analysis 58
3.3.2 GIS combination 67
3.4 Comparison between DSS/IPC with Q2K and WASP models 72
3.5 Model accomplishment 73
Chapter 4 Case Study 77
4.1 Scenario of case 77
4.1.1 Input parameters 77
4.1.2 Socioeconomic conditions 79
4.1.3 River system 80
4.1.4 Industrial activities 82
4.2 Model simulation 83
4.2.1 Modify health guide lines 83
4.2.2 Input study area information 83
4.2.3 Input production 84
4.2.4 Input river system data 85
4.2.5 Input data for load contributions to water bodies 85
4.2.6 Calculation 86
4.3 Results and discussions 88
4.3.1 Identify and compare major pollution sources 88
4.3.2 Surface water quality 91
4.3.3 Serious pollution sources 92
4.3.4 Cost analysis 96
4.3.5 GIS combination 105
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Suggestions 110
5.1 Conclusions 110
5.2 Suggestions 113
References 115
Appendix 118


List of Figures

Figure.1.1 Examples of pollutant sources in river 3
Figure.1.2 Water quality conditions of major rivers in Taiwan 4
Figure 2.1 River water management flowcharts 14
Figure 2.2 Control diagram of IPC in the UK 32
Figure 2.3 Relationship between Government and Companies to protect environment 32
Figure 2.4 Swedish EPA Organizations 33
Figure 3.1 Structure database of the DSS/IPC model 47
Figure 3.2 Long Run Maginal Cost of removing BOD5 across industries in a river 53
Figure 3.3 Output factors of the DSS/IPC 53
Figure 3.4 Examples of unit cost and ratios 60
Figure 3.5 Examples of ratios differed by place 60
Figure 3.6 Cost Analysis Priority List 61
Figure 3.7 Cost lists of Reduction Measures 62
Figure 3.8 Annual concentration and pollution source 63
Figure 3.9 Reduction measure list 64
Figure 3.10 Comparison of BOD5 concentration after applying Primary sedimentation and Secondary treatment 65
Figure 3.11 Total cost between Secondary treatment and Primary sedimentation 65
Figure 3.12 Long Run Marginal Cost of removing BOD5 across industries 66
Figure 3.13 Export results from DSS/IPC to GIS 67
Figure 3.14 Atlas export options 68
Figure 3.15 Export MapInfo data to Arc GIS 69
Figure 3.16 Digitized map without data 69
Figure 3.17 Pollution map with incorporated database 70
Figure 3.18 Using MapInfo to select data and calculate statistics 71
Figure 3.19 Export maps to website 71
Figure 3.20 Scopes of the DSS/IPC, Q2K and WASP 72
Figure 4.1 Assumed prices of commodities and utilities 79
Figure 4.2 Map of study area and its river system 81
Figure 4.3 Change legislated standard 83
Figure 4.4 Input study data 84
Figure 4.5 Input productions 84
Figure 4.6 Input river system data 85
Figure 4.7 Input data for load contributions to water bodies 86
Figure 4.8 Pollutants load 87
Figure 4.9 Model Calculation 87
Figure 4.10 Pollutants quantities (tons/year) among 6 districts 90
Figure 4.11 Percentage of discharged BOD5 among industrial activities 90
Figure 4.12 Comparing BOD5 concentrations with legislated standard (10 mg/l) in rivers 91
Figure 4.13 Polluted rivers map in study area 92
Figure 4.14 Select serious pollution sources in Baro River 93
Figure 4.16 Amount of BOD5 discharged into Baro River and main sources 95
Figure 4.17 Location of major pollution sources 96
Figure 4.18 Cost calculation modules 97
Figure 4.19 Possible selections to reduce BOD5 in Baro River 99
Figure 4.22 LRMC of removing BOD5 across industries in Cau River 104
Figure 4.23 LRMC of removing BOD5 across industries in Baro River 104
Figure 4.24 LRMC of removing BOD5 across industries in Thu Bon River 104
Figure 4.26 Export results from DSS/IPC to GIS 105
Figure 4.27 Background pollution map 106
Figure 4.28 Map of quantities of BOD5 discharged into environment in districts 107
Figure 4.29 Select BOD5 at 10mg/l by query 107
Figure 4.30 Comparing pollutants among rivers 108
Figure 4.31 Maps is published on website 109

List of Tables

Table 1.1 Approximate quantities of water in the various parts of the hydrological cycle with replacement periods 2
Table 2.1 Comparison the application of IPC between selected countries 29
Table 3.1 Selected industrial process in the database 55
Table 3.2 Water pollutants are calculated 57
Table 3.3 Unit of measurement 58
Table 3.4 Comparison among DSS/IPC, Q2K and WASP models 73
Table 3.5 SWOT matrix analysis for DSS/IPC 76
Table 4.1 Required parameters for running the DSS/IPC system 77
Table 4.2 Area and population of the City 79
Table 4.3 River system 80
Table 4.4 Legislated standards of water quality 81
Table 4.5 Quantities of pollutants of each district are discharged into environment (tons/year) 89
Table 4.6 BOD5 concentrations and excess load in rivers 91
Table 4.7 Major pollution sources 95
Table 4.8 List of reduction measures of Baro River 98
Table 4.9 Results of analyzing options and costs 100
Table 4.10 Selected treatment measures to reduce BOD5 concentration down to legislated standard 101
Table 4.11 BOD5 concentration and cost after applying reduction measures 102

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