臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在地圖學領域中，地圖精確性的研究已有其發展歷史與研究取徑。二十世紀以來，眾多地圖學研究者從各種觀點與面向切入地圖精確性研究，包括歷史、文化、自然、技術等多元取徑。然而，地圖精確性研究仍然停留在平面地圖的分析。由於近年來地理資訊科學蓬勃發展，許多地理資訊相關研究軟體應運而生。本研究以MapAnalyst為主要研究工具，並以清代臺灣地圖──淡新檔案地圖──為研究素材，針對淡新檔案地圖進行精確性分析以及誤差視覺化研究。MapAnalyst是一套應用於古地圖分析的軟體，主要功能在於分析並展現古地圖的幾何準確度，它可以計算古地圖的變形、旋轉、位移、扭曲程度，也可以將相關統計數據以視覺化方式呈現。
本研究之目的為透過建立一套視覺化地圖誤差的過程，使地圖的分析不再侷限於平面，而能在地理資訊科學發展的脈絡下，由二維地圖分析推進至三維視覺呈現。本文之研究問題有三：第一，從地圖的社會建構面討論淡新檔案地圖的平面誤差及其成因為何？第二，經過地圖誤差視覺化過程後，淡新檔案地圖之應用結果有何差異？第三，影響地圖誤差視覺化結果的因子與影響性為何？研究結果顯示，17339_60_13地圖的方向逆時鐘旋轉39度，22510_16地圖則旋轉17度。臺灣堡圖與兩者的比例尺之比分別為1:2.5、1:3.4。而造成以上兩張地圖誤差不同的可能原因為比例尺和繪製目的。而在視覺化過程中，網格寬度對於誤差呈現的多寡有關鍵影響，而模糊像素則是影響其誤差對比。綜合而言，本研究分析淡新檔案地圖的平面精確性，並進一步視覺化精確性分析結果，將淡新檔案地圖的精確性以三維的立體模式呈現，以建立平面地圖精確性至三維誤差地圖的過程。

In cartography, the map accuracy studies have developed their particular approaches and methods.Since the 20th century, numerous cartography researchers have explored the map accuracy from various aspects, including history, culture, nature, technology. However, most of them studied the planimetric accuracy. This study used MapAnalyst as the main tool to investigate the planimetric accuracy of Tan-Hsin Archives maps and go further on visualizing the errors of maps by other GIS software. Tan-Hsin Archives are the Qing Dynasty’s official documents, generated by a local government in Taiwan, including valuable written documents and a great number of old maps. The time span of Tan-Hsin Archives lasted from 1776 to 1895. Tan-Hsin Archives contain 1164 cases, covering the areas of Tansui Prefecture, Taipei Government, and Hsin-chu County in the Qing Dynasty.
Owing to the development of digital mapping and analysis technology, tools for analyzing map accuracy are becoming much powerful and versatile. MapAnalyst is an open software program aiming to analyze maps accuracy. Developed by Bernhard Jenny and Adrian Weber in 2005, this software can analyze and represent planimetric accuracy of maps. Most of all, it is equipped with visualization capability for measuring maps’ distortion, rotation, displacement, and deformation. The indicators for visualizing map errors by MapAnalyst include distortion grids, displacement vectors and circles, and standard inaccuracy circles. This study analyze two Tan-Hsin maps: No.17339_60_13 and No.22510_16. There are three questions to be answered in this study. First, from the aspect of social construction of maps, how is Tan-Hsin maps’ planimetric accuracy and why do the two maps have different accuracy? Second, after the visualization process, what are the differences between the two maps? Third, what are the factors of the visualization process and how do they affect the process? The results showed that No.17339_60_13 and No.22510_16 maps’ directions respectively rotated 39 and 17 degrees counterclockwise. The scales of Taiwan Bauto and the two maps were 1:2.5 and 1:3.4. In terms of the two maps, the differences of scales and mapping purposes may result in the difference of planimetric accuracy. Moreover, the results showed that the mesh width had main influence on how obvious the errors of maps and that the mixed pixels affected the contrast.
In short, the main purpose of this study is to establish a process of visualizing map accuracy from the traditional 2D analysis to the 3D exploration. This study used simple tools and methods to realize this process and provided an integrative approach for the future studies.

目 錄
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………………i
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………………...ii
目錄…………………………………………………………………………………..iv
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………………..vi
表目錄………………………………….……………………………………………vii
第一章 緒論…………………………………..…………………………………….1
第一節 研究背景…………………………………..…………………………1
第二節 研究架構與流程…………………………..…………………………5
第二章 文獻回顧…………………………………..……………………………….7
第一節 淡新檔案與臺灣堡圖……………………..…………………………7
第二節 地圖觀點…..…………………………………..………………..…10
第三節 地圖精確性分析.……………………………………………..…...13
第四節 地理資訊科學與地理視覺化………………………….…………..19
第三章 研究方法…………………………………..……………………………....23
第一節 研究素材………………………………………………..……………23
第二節 研究目的與問題.………………………..…………………………24
第三節 研究工具………………..……………………………………………24
第四章 結果與討論…………………………………..…………………………….27
第一節 視覺化誤差…………………………………………………………27
第二節 淡新檔案地圖背景與可能誤差成因……………………..…………41
第三節 視覺化誤差成果與比較……………………………………………..45
第四節 從平面地圖精確性到地圖誤差視覺化……………………………..53
第五章 結論與建議…………………………………..……………………………..56
第一節 結論…………………………………..…………………………….56
第二節 建議…………………………………………..………………………57
參考文獻…………………………………..…………………………………………59
 
圖目錄
圖 1-1 研究架構…………………………………..…………………………………5
圖 1-2 研究流程…………………………………..…………………………………6
圖 2-1 淡新檔案地圖繪製年代 (黃亞妮等，2010)…………………………….... 9
圖 2-2 以3D模型表示軍隊數量 (Kraak, 2003)…………………………………..22
圖 3-1 MapAnalyst介面…………………………………………………………… 25
圖 3-2 Bryce介面…………………………………………………………………...26
圖 4-1 平面精確性分析流程……………………………………………………….28
圖 4-2 在MapAnalyst中置入地圖…………………………………………………28
圖 4-3 參考點選擇範例…………………………………………………………….29
圖 4-4 地圖17339_60_13的精確性指標…………………………………………..32
圖 4-5 地圖22510_16的精確性指標……………………………………………..34
圖 4-6 地圖17339_60_13的誤差視覺化過程…………………………………...37
圖 4-7 地圖22510_16的誤差視覺化過程………………………………………40
圖 4-8 淡新檔案地圖17339_60_13之誤差視覺化成果…………………………..49
圖 4-9 淡新檔案22510_16之誤差視覺化成果………………………………...52

表目錄
表 2-1 淡新檔案地圖使用情形 (黃亞妮等，2010)…………………………............8

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