臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　本論文提出一個應用於可攜式電子產品系統之高精準度全數位控制降壓切換式轉換器。轉換器設計採用切換式降壓型架構，以全數位方式控制方式實現。根據輸出電壓與參考電壓之間的相對關係，透過數位編碼轉換成相對應的DPWM訊號，控制功率電晶體工作週期，使輸出電壓對參考電壓做追蹤鎖定動作。進而達到高精確度、低面積、高轉換效率等目的，並分別以電路模擬結果與晶片量測結果做比較。
　　此全數位控制降壓式直流對直流轉換器是以台灣積體電路製造股份有限公司0.35μm金氧半製程來實現。而本電路系統工作電壓的範圍為3.3±10%V，DPWM控制訊號有8-bit解析度，功率電晶體開關操作頻率為1MHz，輸出電壓可控制範圍為0.6V~3V，最大輸出電流為400mA，輸出電壓精確度為99%以上，電壓轉換效率最佳為92.1%，晶片總佈局面積為0.972*0.972mm2(Core area size：0.49 mm2)。

　This paper presents a fully digital control of DC-DC buck converter circuit. According to the relative relationship between the output voltage and reference voltage, the circuit will control power MOS’s duty cycle by means of DPWM’s signal to achieve the correct voltage. The buck converter has some advantages of high accuracy, low area, and high efficiency. This circuit is achieved by simulation and chip and then compare the results.
This all-digital controller buck DC-DC converter is implemented in Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.35μm CMOS process. Operated from a 3.3±10%V supply voltage, DPWM resolution is 8-bit and power MOS switch’s frequency is 1MHz. The output voltage range is from 0.6V to 3V and the maximum output load current is 400mA . The output voltage accuracy is more than 99% and maximum conversion efficiency is 92.1%. The fully-integrated chip area is 0.972 mm*0.972 mm and the core area is 0.49 mm2.
　

目　錄
指導教授推薦書………………………………………………………….i
口試委員會審定書………………………………………………………ii
授權書…………………………………………………………………...iii
誌謝……………………………………………………………………...iv
中文摘要…………………………………………………………….……v
英文摘要…………………………………………………………….…..vi
目錄………………………………………………………………...…...vii
圖目錄……………………………………………………...……………..x
表目錄……………………………………………………..…………...xiv
第一章 緒論………………………………………………………….…..1
1.1 背景簡介…………………………………………………….…..1
1.2 研究動機…………………………………………………….…..2
1.3 論文架構…………………………………………………….…..3
第二章 類比式直流對直流轉換器概論…………………………….…..4
2.1 直流對直流轉換器種類…………………………………….…..4
2.1.1 線性轉換器………………………………………….……5
2.1.2 切換式轉換器……………………………………….……6
2.1.3 切換式電容轉換器………………………………….……8
2.2 切換式轉換器種類……………………………………….……11
2.2.1 降壓轉換器………………………………………….…..12
2.2.2 其他類型轉換器…………………………………….…..17
2.3 控制電路分類……………………………………………….…20
2.3.1 電壓模式控制………………………………….………..21
2.3.2 電流模式控制………………………………….………..22
2.4 切換式穩壓器規格說明……………………………….………24
2.4.1 轉換效能………………………………………….……..24
2.4.2 線性調節度……………………………………….……..25
2.4.3 負載調節度……………………………………….……..26
2.4.4 輸出電壓漣波…………………………………….……..26
2.4.5 暫態響應………………………………………….……..26
第三章 數位式直流對直流轉換器概論………………………………29
3.1 數位切換式轉換器簡介………………………………….……29
3.2 數位式控制在晶片設計的優勢………………………….……30
3.3 數位電路相關文獻之評述……………………………….……32
第四章 全數位控制降壓式直流對直流轉換器………………………37
4.1 系統架構介紹…………………………………………….……37
4.2 系統實現方式…………………………………………….……39
4.2.1 功率電晶體……………………………………….……..40
4.2.2 低通濾波器……………………………………….……..43
4.2.3 誤差感測器……………………………………….……..46
4.2.4 8-bit DPWM電路…………………….………………….53
4.2.4.1 粗調控制器…………………………………….....55
4.2.4.2 微調控制器…………………………………….…60
4.2.4.3 除頻器………………………………………….…65
4.2.5 Dead Time電路………………………………….….……66
4.2.6 比較器……………………………………………….…..67
4.3 系統模擬結果……………………………………………….…68
第五章 晶片實現與量測結果…………………………………………76
5.1 晶片佈局與量測方式……………………………….…………76
5.2 量測結果…………………………………………….…………79
第六章 結論與未來研究方向…………………………………………90
6.1 結論………………………………………………….…………90
6.2 未來研究方向……………………………………….…………91
參考文獻……………………………………………………….………..92




圖目錄
圖1-1 可攜式電子產品系統…………………….………………………2
圖2-1 直流對直流穩壓器分類……………….…………………………5
圖2-2 (a)基本線性轉換器；(b)等效電路……………….………………..6
圖2-3 (a)基本DC-DC切換轉換器；(b)等效電路；(c)輸出電壓….……..6
圖2-4 (a)基本切換式電容穩壓器；(b)反向切換式電容穩壓器；(c)降壓
式電容穩壓器；(d)升壓式電容穩壓器…………………...…………8
圖2-5 降壓式電容穩壓器操作情況……………………….……………9
圖2-6 直流對直流轉換器系統…………………………….…………..11
圖2-7 降壓式轉換器：(a)電路；(b)開關閉合之等效電路；(c)開關打
開之等效電路………………………………………….….………..13
圖2-8 降壓式轉換器波形：(a)電感器電壓；(b)電感器電流；(c)電容
器電流；(d)電容器電流；(e)電容器漣波電壓…...…………………15
圖2-9 升壓式轉換器：(a)電路；(b)開關閉合之等效電路；(c)開關打
　　開之等效電路…………………………………….………………..17
圖2-10 (a)降升壓式轉換器；(b)邱克轉換器…………….......................18
圖2-11 電壓模式控制：(a)控制電路；(b)波形示意圖………...…….…21
圖2-12 電流模式控制：(a)控制電路；(b)波形示意圖………..………..22
圖2-13 切換式穩壓器轉換效能定義…………………….……………25
圖2-14 切換式穩壓器暫態響應電路示意圖……………………….…26
圖2-15 負載變動時，輸出電壓波形圖……………………………...…27
圖3-1 Block diagram of the digital PWM controller IC for a dc–dc
　　switching converter………………………………………………...32
圖3-2 Coarse/Fine ADC……………………………………………...…34
圖3-3 Buck converter regulated by all-digital DPWM/DPFM controlle
……………………………………………………………………....35
圖4-1 系統電路設計流程圖…………………………………………...38
圖4-2 全數位控制降壓式直流對直流轉換器電路…………………...39
圖4-3功率電晶體模擬：設定工作週期90%、輸出電流=400mA……..42
圖4-4低通濾波器：(a)電路；(b) Voi輸入波形與頻譜………….………43
圖4-5誤差感測器電路…………………………………………...…….47
圖4-6誤差感測器波形示意圖…………………………………...…….47
圖4-7 flash ADC電路……………………………………………...…...48
圖4-8 DNL折線圖……………………………………………………...49
圖4-9 INL折線圖…………………………………………….…………49
圖4-10 ADC輸入理想弦波轉換各數位碼分佈圖…………..….……..49
圖4-11 輸入理想弦波100K，經過傅立葉轉換的頻譜值…………….50
圖4-12栓鎖器電路與波形示意圖……………………………………..51
圖4-13 n-bit 栓鎖器電路………………………………………………51
圖4-14數位比較器電路…………………………………...…...………52
圖4-15 8-bit DPWM電路……………………...……………………….54
圖4-16 8-bit DPWM波形示意圖…………………..……………….….54
圖4-17 DPWM模擬……………...……………………………………54
圖4-18 5-bit粗調控制器電路…………..………………………………56
圖4-19 (a)5-bit粗調控制器波形示意圖；(b)粗調延遲計算方式……...56
圖4-20 5-bit計數器電路………………………………………………..57
圖4-21 5-bit計數器電路模擬…………………………………………..57
圖4-22 5-bit可預置型計數器電路……………………………………..58
圖4-23 5-bit可預置型計數器模擬……………………….……….........59
圖4-24 3-bit細調控制器電路…………………………………………..61
圖4-25 3-bit細調控制器波形示意圖…………………………………..61
圖4-26 多相位產生電路…………………………………….…………62
圖4-27 多相位產生波形示意圖………………………….………...….62
圖4-28 多工器電路…………………………………………………….63
圖4-29 8-1多工器電路……………………………………...…….……64
圖4-30 8-1多工器模擬…………………………………………………64
圖4-31 除頻器電路………………………………...………..…………65
圖4-32 除頻器模擬…………………………………….………............65
圖4-33 Dead Time電路……………………………………….…...……66
圖4-34 Dead Time模擬………………………………………………..66
圖4-35 比較器電路…………………………………………….............67
圖4-36 Post-simulation Vout=1V，Load conversion……………………69
圖4-37 Post-simulation Vout=2V，Load conversion……………………70
圖4-38 Post-simulation Vout=2V，Various load………………………...72
圖4-39 本系統電路佈局圖…………………………………….………75
圖5-1 本電路系統晶片實體圖………………………………….……..76
圖5-2 量測方式………………………………………………….……..78
圖5-3 實際量測電路…………………………………………….……..78
圖5-4 量測電路啟動狀態：(a)Vout=1V；(b)Vout=2V…………………79
圖5-5 量測：(a)Vout=0.6V；(b)Vout=1V..................................................81
圖5-6量測：(a)Vout=2V；(b)Vout=3V......................................................82
圖5-7 量測Vout=1V負載轉換：(a)輕載轉重載；(b)重載轉輕載…..…83
圖5-8 量測Vout=2V負載轉換：(a)輕載轉重載；(b)重載轉輕載……..84
圖5-9 量測輕載時Vout=2V……………………………………….…...85
圖5-10 量測重載時Vout=2V…………………………………….…….85
圖5-11 輸出電壓的穩態測量：(a)Vout=1V；(b) Vout=2V……….…….86


表目錄
表2-1 穩壓器分類比較表……………………………….……………..10
表2-2 穩壓器分類比較表……………………………….……………..19
表2-3 電壓模式控制與電流模式控制優缺點比較…….……………..24
表3-1類比式控制與數位式控制之比較………………………………32
表3-2 參考文獻比較表……………………………………...…………36
表4-1 本電路系統低通濾波器參數………………………….………..44
表4-2 Accuracy@Vout=1V.......................................................................73
表4-3 Accuracy@Vout=2V.......................................................................73
表4-4 Efficiency@Vout=1V.....................................................................74
表4-5 Efficiency@Vout=2V.....................................................................74
表4-6 本系統電路設計規格………………………………….………..75
表5-1 模擬與量測效率比較表@Vout=1V.............................................87
表5-2 模擬與量測效率比較表@Vout=2V.............................................87
表5-3 模擬與量測精確度比較表@Vout=1V.........................................88
表5-4 模擬與量測精確度比較表@Vout=2V.........................................88
表5-5 設計規格與實測規格比較表………………………….………..89
表5-6 本論文與參考文獻比較表…………………………….………..89

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