臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　一般船體結構通常使用鋼材做為船殼主體，而鋼材在高鹽份、高濕度的環境下容易產生腐蝕現象；為了解決船舶腐蝕破壞的問題，許多學者專家透過材料實驗、統計數據以及分析腐蝕模型的變化，分別發展出幾種線性或是非線性的船體腐蝕模型。針對一般船舶腐蝕情況，非線性腐蝕模式比起線性腐蝕模式，更能完善的解釋船舶受腐蝕的過程，故吾人主要以非線性腐蝕模型做為研究之重點。
　　於本篇論文中，應用近幾年最新提出之時變性非線性船體結構腐蝕模型做為主要研究主軸，並比較另外兩種較早開發出的腐蝕模型。針對一雙船殼散裝貨輪，以一階可靠度以及二階可靠度的計算方法，比較在不同破壞模式以及不同腐蝕模型下其船體結構的可靠度。除此之外，也考慮Recoating週期的情況，比較定期船殼維修與未經船殼維修之船舶，其兩者之間腐蝕可靠度的變化情況。

　Generally, the hull structures usually are made of steel, however the steel will deteriorate under the environment of the high salt and the high humidity. In order to solve the damage of ship due to corrosion, many experts have developed several kinds of linear or non-linear ship corrosion model respectively by way of material experiment、statistics data and various corrosion model. In general, non-linear corrosion model can explain the real corrosion process more than linear corrosion model. Therefore, the non-linear corrosion model is used in present investigation.
　In this study, the new time variant non-linear ship corrosion model is proposed and other two kinds of corrosion models are used to evaluate the corrosion effects on ship plates. A double hull bulk carrier is selected as an example to exam the method of FORM and SORM. The reliability index of the ship structure under various failure modes is studied. In addition, different recording periods are also considered, the comparison of corrosion reliability between the ship with stationary repair period and the ship without any repair is presented.

摘要…………………………………………………………………… I
英文摘要……………………………………………………………… II
誌謝…………………………………………………………………… III
目錄…………………………………………………………………… IV
表目錄………………………………………………………………… VIII
圖目錄………………………………………………………………… X
符號表………………………………………………………………… XV
第一章 緒論………………………………………………………… 1
1.1 前言………………………………………………………… 1
1.2 文獻回顧…………………………………………………… 2
1.3 本文架構…………………………………………………… 4
第二章 船體結構強度之研究………………………………………… 6
2.1 前言………………………………………………………… 6
2.2 波浪負荷…………………………………………………… 7
2.2.1 靜水彎矩……………………………………………… 8
2.2.2 波浪彎矩……………………………………………… 9
2.3 船體之極限強度…………………………………………… 11
2.3.1 極限強度之分析……………………………………… 12
2.3.2 剖面模數……………………………………………… 16
2.4 整體破壞模式……………………………………………… 18
2.4.1 船樑全塑性破壞……………………………………… 18
2.4.2 初始降伏……………………………………………… 19
2.4.3 船樑失穩破壞………………………………………… 20
2.5 挫曲破壞模式……………………………………………… 21
2.5.1 格板之挫曲破壞……………………………………… 22
2.5.2 加強材之彎曲挫曲破壞……………………………… 26
2.5.3 加強材之彎扭挫曲…………………………………… 27
2.5.4 全格架之挫曲破壞…………………………………… 29
第三章 可靠度理論與應用…………………………………………… 33
3.1 前言………………………………………………………… 33
3.2 不確定因子的量化………………………………………… 33
3.2.1 不確定因子…………………………………………… 33
3.2.2 不確定因子的類型…………………………………… 34
3.3 基本隨機變量之轉換……………………………………… 36
3.3.1 常態分佈……………………………………………… 36
3.3.2 對數常態分佈………………………………………… 38
3.3.3 等效常態分佈………………………………………… 39
3.4 結構可靠度………………………………………………… 41
3.5 安全餘裕與極限狀態函數………………………………… 44
3.6 一階可靠度指標…………………………………………… 47
3.7 二階可靠度理論（SORM）………………………………… 51
3.7.1 回顧二階可靠度方法（SORM）……………………… 51
3.7.2 二階可靠度的簡單近似法…………………………… 53
3.7.3 經驗二階可靠度指標………………………………… 55
3.8 一階可靠度計算流程……………………………………… 59
3.9 經驗二階可靠度計算流程………………………………… 60
第四章 船舶腐蝕模型………………………………………………… 64
4.1 前言………………………………………………………… 64
4.2 各式船舶腐蝕模型………………………………………… 65
4.2.1 Southwel與Melchers腐蝕模型……………………… 65
4.2.2 Guedes Soares與Garbatov腐蝕模型………………… 67
4.2.3 Paik腐蝕模型………………………………………… 69
4.3 本論文所採用之船舶腐蝕模型…………………………… 72
第五章 實例計算之結果與探討……………………………………… 79
5.1 前言………………………………………………………… 79
5.2 175700噸之雙殼散裝貨輪實船計算－未腐蝕情況……… 79
5.3 175700噸之雙殼散裝貨輪實船計算－受腐蝕情況……… 86
5.4 175700噸之雙殼散裝貨輪實船計算－考慮Recoating週期 110
5.5 175700噸之雙殼散裝貨輪實船計算－結果分析………… 115
第六章 結論…………………………………………………………… 118
參考文獻……………………………………………………………… 122
附錄A 175700噸散裝貨輪之靜水彎矩……………………………… 126
附錄B 175700噸雙殼散裝貨輪海況表使用步驟…………………… 128
附錄C 波浪彎矩與極限波浪彎矩………………..………………… 133
附錄D 175700噸散裝貨輪之各種破壞類型極限強度……………… 135

【1】Breitung, K., “Asymptotic Approximation for Multi-Normal Integer,” J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 110(3), pp. 357-366, 1984.
【2】Caldewll, J. B., “Ulitimate Longitudinal Strength,” Transactions, Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Vol. 107, 1965.
【3】Chao, R. J., and Ayyub, B. M., “Reliability and Uncertainty Evaluation for Longitudinal Bending of Hull Girders of Surface Ships,” Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 57-68, March, 1997.
【4】Der Kiureghian, A., Lin, H. Z., and Hwang, S. J., “Second-Order Reliability Approximations,” J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 113(8), pp. 1208-1225, 1987.
【5】Der Kiureghian, A., and Dakessian, T., “Multiple Design Points in First and Second-Order Reliability,” Structural Safety, Vol. 20, pp. 37-49, 1998.
【6】Der Kiureghian, A., and De Stefano, M., “Efficient Algorithm for Second-Order Reliability Analysis,” J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 117(12), pp. 2904-2923, 1991.
【7】 Fiessler. B., Neumann, H. –J, and Rackwitz, R., “Quadratic Limit State in Structural Reliability,” J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 105(4), pp. 661-676, 1979.
【8】Guedes Soares C, Garbatov Y. “Reliability of Maintained, Corrosion Protected Plates Subjected to Nonlinear Corrosion and Compressive Loads,” Marine Structure, Vol. 12, pp. 425–45, 1999.
【9】Hasofer, A. M., and Lind, N. C., “Exact and Invariant Second-Moment Code Format,” Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, Vol. 100, No. EMI, pp. 111-121, Feb., 1974.
【10】Hohenbichler, M., and Rackwitz, R., “Improvement of Second-Order Reliability Estimates by Importance Sampling,” J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 114(12), pp. 2195-2199, 1988.
【11】 Loseth R., Sekkeseter G., Valsgard S., “Economics of High Tensile Steel in Ship Hulls,” Marine Structure, Vol. 7, pp. 31–50, 1994.
【12】Loukakis, T. A., and Chryssostomos Chryssostomidis, “Seakeeping Standard Series for Cruiser-Stern Ships,” Trans. SNAME, Vol. 83, pp. 67-127, 1975.
【13】Mansour, A. E., “Methods of Computing the Probability of Failure Under Extreme Values of Bending Moment,” J. Ship Research, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 113-123, June, 1972.
【14】Mansour, A. E. , Jan, H. Y. , Zigelman, C. I. , Chen, Y. N. , Harding, S.J., “Implementation of Reliability Methods to Marine Structures,” SNAME Transactions , Vol. 92, pp. 353-392, 1984.
【15】Mansour, A. E., and Hovem L., “Probability Based Ship Structural Safety Analysis,” Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 329-339, Dec., 1994.
【16】Mansour, A. E., “An Introduction to Structural Reliability Theory,” Ship Structure Committee Report, SSC-351, Dec., 1986.
【17】Mansour, A. E., “Extreme Value Distributions of Wave Loads and Their Application to Marine Structures,” Proceedings, Marine Structural Reliability Symposium, Arlington, Va., Oct., 1987.
【18】Mansour, A. E., Yang, J. M. and Thayamballi, A., “An Experimental Investigation of Ship Hull Ultimate Strength,” Transactions SNAME, pp. 411-439, 1990.
【19】 Melchers R. E. ”Corrosion Uncertainty Modeling for Steel Structures,” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 52, pp. 3–19, 1999.
【20】Melchers R. E. ”Probabilitic Modeling of Immersion Marine Corrosion,” In: Shiraishi N., Shinozuka M., Wen Y. K., editors, Structural Safety and Reliability, Vol. 3, Rotterdam: Balkema, pp. 1143-1149, 1998.
【21】Nitta, A., Arai, H. and Magaino, A., “Basic of IACS Unified Longitudinal Strength Standard,” Marine structures, Vol. 5, pp. 1-21,1992
【22】Paik, J. K., Thayamballi, A. K. and Che, J. S., ”Ultimate Strength of Hulls Under Combined Vertical Bending, Horizontal Bending, and Searing Forces,” Transactions SNAME, Vol. 104, pp. 31-59, 1996.
【23】Paik J. K., Kim S. K., Lee S. K., “Probabilistic Corrosion Rate Estimation Model for Longitudinal Strength Members of Bulk Carriers,” Ocean Engng, Vol. 25, No. 10, pp. 837–860, 1998.
【24】Paik, J. K., Thayamballi, A. K., and Yang S. H., ”Residual Strength Assessment of Ship After Collision and Grounding,” Maine Technology, Vol. 35, No.1, pp 38-54, Jan.1998.
【25】Paik, J. K., and Lee, J. M., “An Empirical Formulation for Predicting The Ultimate Compressive Strength of Plates and Stiffened Plates,” Proceedings of the Seventh International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, pp. 328-338, 1997.
【26】Paik, J. K., Kim, S. K., Yang, S. H. and Thayamballi, A. K., ”Ultimate Strength Reliability of Corroded Ship Hulls,” The Royal Institution of Naval Architects, pp. 1-18, 1997.
【27】Rahman, M. K., “Applied Probability and Stochastic Process,” In Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Florida.
【28】Rackwitz, R. and Fiessler, B., “Structural Reliability under Combined Random Load Sequence,” Computers and Structures, Vol. 9, 1978.
【29】Shengping Qin, Weicheng Cui, “Effect of Corrosion Models on The Time-Dependent Reliabilityof Steel Plated Elements,” Marine Structures, Vol. 16, pp. 15–34, 2003.
【30】Southwell C. R., Bultman J. D., Hummer Jr C. W., “Estimating of Service Life of Steel in Seawater,” In: Schumacher M, editor. Seawater Corrosion Handbook. New Jersey: Noyes Data Corporation, pp. 374–387, 1979.
【31】Timoshenko, S. P. and James M. G., ”Theory of Elastic Stability,” McGraw-Hill Press, Second Edition.
【32】Tvedt, L., “Two Second-Order Approximations to The Failure Probability,” Veritias Rep. RDIV/20-004083, Det norske Veritas, Oslo, 1983.
【33】Tvedt, L., “Second-Order Reliability by an Exact Integral,” Proc., 2nd IFIP Working Conf. on Reliability and Optimization on Struct. Sys., P. Thoft-Christensen, ed., Springer, New York, pp. 377-384, 1988.
【34】Tvedt, L., “Distribution of Quadratic Forms in Normal Space Application to Structural Reliability,” J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 116(6), pp. 1183-1197, 1990.
【35】Yamamoto N, Kumano A, Matoba M. “Effect of Corrosion and Its Protection on Hull Strength (2nd Report).” Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan, Vol. 176, pp. 281–289, 1994.
【36】Yamamoto N, Ikegami K. “A Study on The Degradation of Coating and Corrosion of Ship’s Hull Based on The Probabilistic Approach,” Proceedings of the International Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Symposium (OMAE’96), Vol. 2, pp. 159–166, 1996.
【37】Yamamoto N. “Reliability Based Criteria for Measures to Corrosion,” In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE’98), Safety and Reliability Symposium, New York, USA: ASME, 1998.
【38】 Zhao, T. G., and Ono, T., “New approximation for SORM: Part 1,” Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 125(1), pp. 79-85, 1999.
【39】Zhao, T. G., and Ono, T., “New approximation for SORM: Part 2,” Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 125(1), pp. 86-93, 1999.
【40】王易凱, “模糊二階可靠度應用於船體縱向結構之強度分析,” 國立成功大學造船及船舶機械工程研究所, 碩士論文, 中華民國94年1月.
【41】洪振發, 李昱君, “多破壞模式之結構系統可靠度,” 國立台灣大學造船及海洋工程學研究所, NTU-NAOE-Tech.Report 464, June, 1994.
【42】陳俊達, “船舶結構受創後之剩餘強度與可靠度分析,” 國立成功大學造船及船舶機械工程研究所, 碩士論文, 中華民國89年6月.
【43】黃俊堯, “船體縱向結構之模糊可靠度分析,” 國立成功大學造船及船舶機械工程研究所, 碩士論文, 中華民國87年6月.
【44】葉政錫, “二階可靠度逼近法於船舶結構可靠度之研究,” 國立成功大學造船及船舶機械工程研究所, 碩士論文, 中華民國92年6月.
【45】楊田園, “利用二階可靠度方法進行船體縱向結構可靠度分析,” 國立成功大學造船及船舶機械工程研究所, 碩士論文, 中華民國91年7月.