臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

論文提要內容：
本論文試圖以中國佛教襌宗的哲理觀點來解讀狄更斯的《孤星血淚》，主要探討本書的主角─彼伯─因過度的執著而飽受痛苦，使得原本清澈的佛性也因而蒙上一層陰影。最後文中也闡析彼伯由於智慧及慈悲心的展現而獲得頓悟的可能。
首章是全文理論之基礎。首先介紹襌佛教的起源及其在中國的發展歷程。進而介紹佛家的「苦觀」，說明其中諸如「無我」、「無常」、「三毒」、「執著」等觀念，並分析「四聖諦」、「八正道」、「般若智」、「非邏輯」等明心見性之開悟之道。
第二章著墨於佛教清澈無染之佛性介紹。此佛性人人與生俱有。經由孩提時代的彼伯以及他的姊夫─喬‧哥格利的日常舉止和富有同胞愛的無私奉獻，我們可以看到此不二佛性之實例。
第三章著眼於紅塵中已被玷污蒙蔽之佛性闡析。三毒─貪、瞋、癡─堪稱為罪魁禍首。由於過度執著物慾與愛慾，彼伯原本清澈不二的佛性逐漸模糊。此外，書中另一鮮明角色─何唯欣小姐─也由於對男人、對世俗的強烈仇恨而使人格強烈扭曲，嚴重地蒙蔽了原本的佛性。
末章闡述了襌宗袓師們─尤其是六袓惠能─所強調的悟道。此境界必須經由日常生活當中的身體力行，心口合一，才能逐漸地自然達成。彼伯、何唯欣小姐，在故事結尾皆有所懺悔，而使心中原有的佛慈悲心再次顯現，進而踏上悟道之坦途。

Abstract：
This thesis attempts to investigate Dickens' Great Expectations from the Zen-Buddhist perspective, exploring mainly Pip, the protagonist, who suffers greatly because of his excessive attachment. This blurs his originally pellucid Buddha-nature. Also, the thesis, in the later part, analyzes the possibilities in which Pip can get enlightened as a result of his prajna-wisdom and compassion.
Chapter One, as the theoretical foundation of the thesis, introduces the origin of Zen-Buddhism and its developmental stages in China. Furthermore, included in this chapter are such notions of Buddhist "suffering" as "non-I," "impermanence," "the three poisons," and "attachment." Various ways leading to enlightenment-- "the Four Noble Truths," "the Eightfold Noble Path," "Prajna-wisdom," and "illogicality"-- are also delineated.
Chapter Two is devoted to the discussion of the pellucid Buddha-nature. Every sentient being, according to Buddhism, is born with it. The praiseworthy behaviors of little Pip and his brother-in-law Mr. Joe Gargery serve as the best examples.
Chapter Three discusses the tainted, polluted Buddha-nature amid the earthly elements, with "the three poisons" the most culpable. Pip's Buddha-nature is gradually dimmed by his excessive attachments to material comforts and physical love. Miss Havisham, because of her vehement hate against men, has her personality greatly distorted, polluting thus the original Buddha-nature.
Eventually, chapter Four deals with the sudden enlightenment unanimously emphasized by the patriarchs of Zen-Buddhism, especially Hui-neng the Sixth Patriarch. The confessions and the compassion that ensues enable Pip and Miss Havisham to embark on their journey of enlightenment.

Table of Contents
Introduction1
Chapter One: An Introduction to Zen-Buddhism: The Priceless Treasure the Orient Gives to the World--------10
Chapter Two: The Innocent, Clear Buddha-nature----------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
I. Little Pip and his pellucid Buddha-nature---------------------------------------------------------------- 39
II. Mr. Joe Gargery as a down-to-earth Zen-practitioner------------------------------------------------- 52
Chapter Three: The Blurred Buddha-nature------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
I. Pip and his great expectations------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 63
II. Miss Havisham: a peculiar woman haunted by the Past----------------------------------------------- 76
Chapter Four: The Enlightenment------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81
Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------96
Glossary of Sanskrit Terms--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------101
Selected Bibliography---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------103

Selected Bibliography
I. Primary Sources
Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations. Ed. Angus Calder. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1965.
II. Articles on Great Expectations
Almansi, Guido. "Great Expectations." Charles Dickens: Critical assessments. Vol. 3. Ed. Michael Hollington. Mouthfield: Helm Information, 1995. 584-86.
Axton, William F. "Great Expectations Yet Again." Dickens Studies Annual 2 (1972): 278-93.
Baker, Ernest A. "A Tale of Adventure." Assessing Great Expectations. Ed. Richard Lettis. & William E. Morris. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Co., 1960. 37-43.
Barzilai, Shuli. "Dickens's Great Expectations: The Motive for Moral Masochism." American Imago. 42.1 (1985): 45-67.
Chesterton, G. K. "Great Expectations." Assessing Great Expectations. Ed. Richard Lettis. & William E. Morris. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Co., 1960. 28-35.
Crawford, Iain. "Pip and the Monster: The Joys of Bondage." Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900. 28.4 (1988): 625-48.
Engel, Monroe. "The Sense of Self." Assessing Great Expectations. Ed. Richard Lettis. & William E. Morris. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Co., 1960. 109-18.
Friedman, Stanley. "Estella's Parentage and Pip's Resistence: The Outcome of Great Expectations." Studies in the Novel. 19.4 (1987): 410-21.
Ghent, Dorothy Van. "On Great Expectations." Assessing Great Expectations. Ed. Richard Lettis. & William E. Morris. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Co., 1960. 57-73.
Hagan, John H. Jr. "The Poor Labyrinth: The Theme of Social Injustice in Dickens's Great Expectations." Assessing Great Expectations. Ed. Richard Lettis. & William E. Morris. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Co., 1960. 88-98.
Hardy, Barbara. "The Change of Heart in Dickens's Novels." Assessing Great Expectations. Ed. Richard Lettis. & William E. Morris. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Co., 1960. 182-85.
Hartog, Curt. "The Rape of Miss Havisham." Studies in the Novel. 14.3 (1982): 248-65.
House, Humphry. "Pip's Acquired 'Culture'." Assessing Great Expectations. Ed. Richard Lettis. & William E. Morris. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Co., 1960. 44-48.
Houston, Grail Turley. "'Pip' and 'Property': The (Re)Production of the Self in Great Expectations." Studies in the Novel. 24.1 (1992): 13-23.
Johnson, Edgar. "The Ruined Garden." Assessing Great Expectations. Ed. Richard Lettis. & William E. Morris. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Co., 1960. 49-56.
Moynahan, Julian. "The Hero's Guilt: The Case of Great Expectations." Assessing Great Expectations. Ed. Richard Lettis. & William E. Morris. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Co., 1960. 149-69.
Pearlman, Elihu. "Inversions in Great Expectations." Charles Dickens: Critical Assessments. Vol. 3. Ed. Michael Hollington. Mouthfield: Helm Information, 1995. 549-67.
Raphael, Linda. "A Re-vision of Miss Havisham: Her Expectations and Our Responses." Studies in the Novel. 21.4 (1989): 400-12.
Rawlins, Jack P. "Great Expiations: Dickens and the Betrayal of the Child." Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900. 23.4 (1983): 667-83.
Reed, Jon B. "Astrophil and Estella: A Defense of Poesy." Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900. 30.4 (1990): 655-78.
Sadrin, Anny. "Parentage and Inheritance in the Novels of Charles Dickens." Nineteenth-Century Literature. 50.3 (1995): 384-86.
Said, Edward W. "Criticism between Culture and System." Charles Dickens: Critical Assessments. Vol. 3. Ed. Michael Hollington. Mouthfied: Helm Information, 1995. 562-67.
Stange, G. Robert. "Expectations Well Lost: Dickens's Fable for His Time." Charles Dickens: Critical Assessments. Vol. 3. Ed. Michael Hollington. Mouthfield: Helm Information, 1995. 517-26.
Tambling, Jeremy. "Prison-Bound: Dickens and Foucault." Charles Dickens: Critical Assessments. Vol. 3. Ed. Michael Hollington. Mouthfield: Helm Information, 1995. 568-86.
Whipple, Edwin P. "Dickens's Great Expectations." Assessing Great Expectations. Ed. Richard Lettis. & William E. Morris. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Co., 1960. 14-27.
III. Books on Great Expectations
Abrams M. H., ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Vol. 2 London: W. W. Norton, 1986.
Allen, Walter. The English Novel. Taipei: Bookman, 1954.
Butts, Dennis. Macmillan Master Guides: Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. London: Macmillan, 1985.
Ford, George H. Dickens and His Readers: Aspects of Novel Criticism. New York: W. W. Norton, 1965.
Garrett, Peter K. The Victorian Multiplot Novel. New Haven: Yale UP, 1980.
Goldberg, Michael. Carlyle and Dickens. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1972.
Haight, Gordon S. Ed. The Portable Victorian Reader. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972.
Hobsbaum, Philip. A Readers' Guide to Charles Dickens. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972.
Houghton, Walter E. The Victorian Frame of Mind 1830-1870. New Haven: Yale UP., 1957.
Kucich, John. Excess and Restraint in the Novels of Charles Dickens. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1981.
Morris, Pam. Dickens's Class Consciousness: A Marginal View. London: Macmillan, 1991.
Smith, Grahame. Dickens, Money, and Society. Berkeley: California UP, 1968.
IV. On Zen Buddhism
Abe, Masao. Zen and Western Thought. Ed. William R. La Fleur. Honolulu: U of Hawaii P, 1985.
Amipa, Sherab Gyaltsen. The Opening of the Lotus: Developing Clarity and Kindness. London: Wisdom, 1987.
Anskho. "Sutra on the Eight Modes of Introspection for Men Aspiring for Great Spiritual Heights." Trans. Hin Kwok Chan and Yin Tang Yuan. Tz'u Yun. 20.4 (1992): 109-112.
Bhikshu, Cheng Chien, trans. Manifestation of the Tathagata: A Chapter from the Avatamsaka Sutra. Taipei: Mahayana Vihara, 991.
Blyth, Reginald Horace. Zen in Englih Literature and Oriental Classics. New York: Dutton, 1960.
Buddhist Text Translation Society, trans. The Sutra in Forty-Two Sections Spoken by the Buddha. San Francisco: Buddhist Text Translation Society, 1977.
Chung-yuan, Chang. Tao: A New Way of Thinking. Taipei: Caves, 1975.
Cleary, Thomas, trans. The Flower Ornament Scripture: A Translation of the Avatamsaka Sutra. London: Shambhala, 1984. 3 vols.
Conze, Edward. Buddhism: Its Essence and Development. New York: Harper, 1939.
Dalai Lama, H. H., et al. A Taste of Dharma. Taipei: Torch of Wisdom, 1994.
Dumoulin, Heinrich. Zen Buddhism: A History. Trans. James W. Heisig and Paul Knitter. New York: Macmillan, 1988.
Gard, Richard A. Buddhism. New York: George Braziller, 1962.
Grim, George. The Doctrine of Buddha. New Delhi: Motilal, 1982.
Hakeda, Yoshito S., trans. The Awakening of Faith. New York: Columbia UP, 1967.
Horner, I. B., trans. The Middle Length Sayings (Majjhima-Nikaya). Vol. 3 London: Pali Text Society, 1977.
Hui-neng. The Sutra of Hui-Neng: Grand Master of Zen. Trans. Thomas Cleary. Boston: Shambhala, 1998.
Hui-neng. The Sutra of Hui Neng: Sutra Spoken by the 6th Patriarch On the High Seat of "The Treasure of the Law" (The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch). Trans. Wong Mou-Lam. Hong Kong: H.K. Buddhist Book Distributor Press, 1929.
Humphreys, Christmas. Zen Comes West: The Present and Future of Zen Buddhism in Western Society. London: Curzon Press, 1960.
Kalupahana, D. J. The Principles of Buddhist Psychology. New York: New York UP., 1987.
King, Winston L. Buddhism and Christianity: Some Bridges of Understanding. Philadelphia: Westminster. n. d.
Kumarajiva. The Lotus of The Wonderful Law (Miao-fa Lien Hua Ching). Trans. W. E. Soothill. London: Curzon, 1987.
---. Vajra-Cchedika-Prajna-Paramita Sutra (The Diamond Sutra). Trans. Hsu Chao. Taipei: n. d.
Luk, Charles, ed. and trans. Ch'an and Zen Teaching. Third series. London: Rider, 1962.
---, trans. The Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra (Wei Mo Chieh So Shuo Ching). London: Shambala, 1972.
---, ed. and trans. The Surangama Sutra (Leng Yen Ching). New Delhi: K. P. Churamani, 1978.
Mascaro, Juan, trans. The Dhammapada. London: Penguin, 1973.
Merton, Thomas. Zen and the Birds of Appetite. New York: New Directions, 1968.
Pruett, Gordon E. The Meaning & End of Suffering for Freud & the Buddhist Tradition. Boston: University Press of America, 1987.
Rahula, Walpola. What the Buddha Taught. Rev. ed. Taipei: Torch of Wisdom, 1990.
Ross, Nancy Wilson. Buddhism: A Way of Life and Thought. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980.
Sanghasena. A Garland For the Fool: The Scripture of One Hundred Parables (Pai Yu Ching). Trans. Li Rongxi. Taipei: Fokuang Cultural Enterprise, 1997.
Schloegl, Irmgard, trans. The Wisdom of the Zen Masters. London: Sheldon, 1975.
Seung Sahn. The Compass of Zen. Boston: Shambhala, 1997.
Sheng-Yen, trans. Faith in Mind: A Guide to Ch'an Practice. New York: Dharma Drum, 1987.
---, trans. The Poetry of Enlightenment:Poems by Ancient Ch'an Masters. Taipei: Dharma Drum, 1987.
Snelling, John. The Elements of Buddhism. Shaftesbury: Element Books, 1990.
Suzuki, D. T. Essays on Zen Buddhism. New York: Grove, 1961.
---. Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis. New York: Harper, 1950.
---. Studies in Zen. Ed. Christmas Humphreys. New York: Dell, 1955.
---, trans. Lankavatara Sutra. Taipei: SMC, 1991.
Thien-an, Thich. Zen Philosophy, Zen Practice. Sacramento: Dharma, 1975.
Tsang, Tripitaka-Master Hsuan. Ch'eng Wei-shih Lun (The Doctrine of Mere-consciousness). Trans. Wei Tat. Hong Kong: The Ch'eng Wei-shih Lun Publication Committee, 1973.
Warren, Henry Clarke, trans. Buddhism in Translation. New York: Harvard UP, 1963.
Watts, Allan W. The Way of Zen. New York: Vintage, 1989.
---. The Spirit of Zen. New York: Grove Press, 1958.
Wing, R. L. The Tao of Power: The Leading Modern Translation of the Tao Te Ching. London: Thorsons, 1997.
Wong, Kiew Kit The Complete Book of Zen. Shaftesbury: Element, 1998.
Wu, John Ching-hsiung. The Golden Age of Zen. Taipei: United Publishing Center, 1975.
中 文 參 考 書 目
北京社科院宗教研究所 編譯 《白話佛教經典(六): 金剛經 及 六祖壇經》 台北：博遠，民國八十三年。
江支地 譯 《慈悲》 中村元 著 台北：東大，民國八十六年。
心靈雅集編譯組 編譯 《佛教小百科趣談》 台北：大展，民國八十年。
余培林 注譯 《老子讀本》 台北：三民，民國八十四年。
吳怡 《公案禪語》 台北：東大，民國八十四年。
陳元音 《禪與美國文學》 台北：東大，民國八十六年。
陳文新 《禪宗的人生哲學》 台北：揚智，民國八十四年。
陳榮波 《禪海之筏》 台北：志文，民國七十八年。
陳慧劍 譯註 《維摩詰經今譯》 台北：東大，民國八十五年。
黃炳寅 《破禪的智慧》 台北：正中，民國八十五年。
孟祥森 譯 《禪學隨筆》 鈴木大拙 著 台北：志文，民國七十七年。
宣化上人 《宣化上人講：佛說四十二章經淺釋》 高雄：智慧之源，民國八十四年。
郭韻玲 《優美散文解讀: 心經》 台北：金色蓮花，民國八十五年。
釋聖嚴 《禪》 台北：東初，民國六十八年。
------. 《禪的生活》 台北：東初，民國七十三年。
------. 《修行在紅塵：維摩經六講》 台北：法鼓文化，民國八十六年。
------. 《禪門》 台北：法鼓文化，民國八十五年。
------. 《禪與悟》 台北：法鼓文化，民國八十五年。
------. 《學佛知津》 台北：法鼓文化，民國八十六年。