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研究生:鄭育昆
研究生(外文):Cheng, Yu-Kun
論文名稱:利用分子動力學模擬凝結核與水分子吸附之行為
論文名稱(外文):Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Condensation Nuclei and Water Molecules of Adsorbed Behavior
指導教授:魏 志 憲
指導教授(外文):Wei, Chih-Hsien
口試委員:王中鼎周崇光王哲釧
口試日期:2012-07-26
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國防大學理工學院
系所名稱:大氣科學碩士班
學門:自然科學學門
學類:大氣科學學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2012
畢業學年度:100
語文別:中文
論文頁數:54
中文關鍵詞:暖雲造雨吸濕性凝結核分子動力學
外文關鍵詞:Warm Cloud SeedingHygroscopic Condensation NucleiMolecular Dynamics
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  人工影響天氣最主要的方法是播雲,使雲、霧、降水等天氣現象發生改變。按對象的性質不同,播雲所用的催化劑也不同,為了解微觀尺度上雲物理現象,成核作用扮演很重要的角色,本研究使用分子動力學(Molecular Dynamics, MD)之模式,針對分子或原子的微觀行為進行分析,以有效掌握凝結核吸附水分子之行為與性質。模擬採用暖雲造雨的概念,以氯化鈉、氯化鉀做為吸濕性凝結核,促成水滴在低飽和環境下凝結,並透過碰撞與合併過程使水滴成長,終至降落成雨。
  在引進空隙及雙表面實驗結果,顯示有空隙的地方吸附現象特別明顯,並且恰當的空隙量對於凝結核吸附水分子是有利的,反之結構則會瓦解,並與Ranjit Bahadur等人之研究比較,雖本研究實驗設計使用不同系綜、水分子數量、空隙量計算,然而同樣顯示出空隙愈多,表面積增加,給予水分子的依附效果愈好,但空隙量過多甚至會穿過氯化鈉破壞結構形成溶解,尤其在晶胞邊緣,結構更容易崩解。此外,以氯化鈉團簇實驗模擬,用以代表大氣中凝結核吸附水分子行為的一種模擬方式,藉著計算平均距離、水分子軌跡圖,可發現依附現象甚為明顯,在水分子質量比40.5%時,水分子凝結厚度愈大,形成液滴的機會也愈來愈大。
  未來將更深入的分子模擬與分析建立基礎。再者利用奈米材料嶄新特性來進行人造雨預期將是一門新顯學,值得國內研究單位重視與共同發展。

  Cloud seeding is the primary way to artificially influence weather. The process may alter the features of cloud, fog and precipitation. The catalyst used in cloud seeding is different due to the characteristics of materials. The nucleation plays a very important role for understanding the features of microphysics and cloud physics. The study analyzes the microscopic characteristic of molecules and atoms that grasp the condensation nuclei adsorption properties effectively by applying molecular dynamics (MD) model. This simulating research examines the concept of the warm-cloud seeding that applies sodium chloride as the hygroscopic powder and
liquid. Water droplets will be condensed in a low-saturated environment and grow by collision and merger process. Finally they will fall and turn into the rain.
  The introduction of voids and crystalline slab surface for the experiment of research shows that adsorption gap is particularly evident. The void volume is advantageous for condensation nucleus adsorbed water molecules, otherwise,the structure dissolution. The result is similar to that of Ranjit Bahadur et. al., which shows that the more voids and surface area increase, the better the attachment of water molecules, through the experimental design of ensemble, the number of water molecules and void content in the study is different. The structure of sodium chloride will be destroyed or even passed through if the void volume is too much, especially in the crystal edge. Experimental model of sodium chloride clusters can be the most representative behavior of condensation nuclei adsorbed water molecules in the atmosphere. While the quality of the water molecules is more than 40.5%, the thickness of the water molecules condense more obvious, and the droplets grows well in terms of calculating the average distance and trajectory of the water molecules attachment phenomenon.
  The future will be more in-depth molecular simulation and analysis.Furthermore, the new features of nanocomposites to carry out cloud seeding is expected to be a great importance to the domestic research organization and development.

目錄

誌謝                                 ii
摘要                                 iii
ABSTRACT                            iv
目錄                                 vi
表目錄                                 viii
圖目錄                                 ix
1. 緒論                            1
1.1 研究動機                            1
1.2 冷、暖雲造雨                       4
1.3 研究目的                            4
1.4 論文架構                            5
2. 分子動力學理論                       6
2.1 運動方程式                       6
2.2 勢能函數                            7
2.3 週期性幾何邊界條件 (Periodic Boundary Condition)   11
2.4 最小映像法 (Minimum Image Criterion)        11
2.5 系綜                            13
2.6 截斷半徑法                       13
2.6.1 Verlet 表列法                       14
2.6.2 Cell-link 表列法                       15
2.6.3 Verlet 表列法結和Cell-link 表列法            16
2.7 徑向分佈函數 17
2.8 原子分數座標轉換卡氏座標 18
2.9 平均距離 19
2.10 平均平方位移 20
2.11 無因次化 20
3. 氯化鈉與水分子之實驗模擬 22
3.1 氯化鈉引進空隙結構分析 22
3.2 氯化鈉單表面吸附實驗模擬 25
3.3 氯化鈉雙表面吸附實驗模擬 27
3.4 氯化鈉團簇吸附實驗模擬 33
4. 結論 45
4.1 研究結論 45
4.2 未來展望 46
5. 參考文獻 48
論文發表 53
自傳 54

表目錄

表2.1 勢能參數表 11
表2.2 無因式化基本的物理量 21
表2.3 各物理量之無因次化量 21

圖目錄

圖2.1 最小映像法則 12
圖2.2 截斷半徑法示意圖 14
圖2.3 鄰近表列法示意圖 15
圖2.4 表列法示意圖 16
圖2.5 表列法結合Cell link表列法示意圖 17
圖2.6 繞射實驗所得之分佈函數(1)固態晶體(2)液體(3)氣體 18
圖2.7 平行六面體的晶胞長度a、b、c及角度α、β、γ 19
圖3.1 氯化鈉(1 0 0)超級晶胞 22
圖3.2 分子動力學模擬之流程圖 24
圖3.3 無水分子作用的情況下,空隙率5%至20%的徑向分佈函數圖 25
圖3.4 無水分子作用的情況下,空隙率25%至40%的徑向分佈函數圖 25
圖3.5 水分子經由Amorphous Cell Construction模組模擬結果 26
圖3.6 氯化鈉(1 0 0)單表面層吸附水分子的模擬結果 27
圖3.7 氯化鈉(1 0 0)雙表面層0%空隙吸附水分子的模擬結果 28
圖3.8 氯化鈉(1 0 0)雙表面層5%空隙吸附水分子的模擬結果 29
圖3.9 氯化鈉(1 0 0)雙表面層10%空隙吸附水分子的模擬結果 29
圖3.10 氯化鈉(1 0 0)雙表面層15%空隙吸附水分子的模擬結果 30
圖3.11 氯化鈉(1 0 0)雙表面層20%空隙吸附水分子的模擬結果 30
圖3.12 氯化鈉(1 0 0)雙表面層25%空隙吸附水分子的模擬結果 31
圖3.13 氯化鈉(1 0 0)雙表面層30%空隙吸附水分子的模擬結果 31
圖3.14 Na-Na RDF 0%~15%空隙量 32
圖3.15 Na-Na RDF 20%~30%空隙量 32
圖3.16 Na-Na RDF,300 K,0~40%空隙量 33
圖3.17 水分子(b)氯化鈉(c)半徑為10埃的氯化鈉團簇模型 34
圖3.18 水分子質量比10.2%模擬結果(a)0 ps (b)50 ps (c)100 ps 35
圖3.19 水分子質量比20%模擬結果(a)0 ps (b)50 ps (c)100 ps 35
圖3.20 水分子質量比30.1%模擬結果(a)0 ps (b)50 ps (c)100 ps 36
圖3.21 水分子質量比40.5%模擬結果(a)0 ps (b)50 ps (c)100 ps 36
圖3.22 水分子質量比50%模擬結果(a)0 ps (b)50 ps (c)100 ps 37
圖3.23 Na-Na RDF 10.2%水分子濃度 37
圖3.24 Na-Na RDF 20%水分子濃度 38
圖3.25 Na-Na RDF 30.1%水分子濃度 38
圖3.26 Na-Na RDF 40.5%水分子濃度 39
圖3.27 Na-Na RDF 50%水分子濃度 39
圖3.28 Cl-Cl RDF 10.2%水分子濃度 40
圖3.29 Cl-Cl RDF 20%水分子濃度 40
圖3.30 Cl-Cl RDF 30.1%水分子濃度 41
圖3.31 Cl-Cl RDF 40.5%水分子濃度 41
圖3.32 Cl-Cl RDF 50%水分子濃度 42
圖3.33 水分子濃度40.5%,離氯化鈉中心(紅)最遠的水分子隨時間的軌跡(藍) 43
圖3.34 體積內水分子隨時間在30.1%、40.5%離氯化鈉中心的平均距離 44
圖3.35 水分子質量比在10.2%~50%隨時間的MSD 44

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