臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文主要目的為研究與改良超音波相移陣列成像系統。在硬體電路方面，本系統使用共振頻率為600KHz之壓電陶瓷片製作一維發射陣列與接收元件，並透過波束操控技術觸發陣列以達到對目標物進行掃描的目的；本論文亦利用獨立迴路法與間距匹配法來增加發射陣列的訊號強度。在成像系統方面，本系統應用TOF(time-of-flight)方法來測得與目標物間的距離；更進一步，搭配前端電路的掃描功能，在取得目標物相關位置的資訊後透過LabVIEW圖控程式進行處理以得到關於目標物的二維影像。為了增加系統的應用度，本論文亦將成像系統與PTU(pan and tilt unit)搭配，使用九宮格的掃描方式加大成像範圍，並分別於實驗室水槽及海下環境實際進行測試與實驗。

The purpose of this thesis is to research and improve the ultrasonic phased array imaging system. In the aspect of scanning system, we use the piezoelectric ceramic with 600 KHz resonance frequency in this system and manufacture a one-dimension transmitting array and a receiving element. By using the beam-controlled technology to trigger the array, we are able to perform the scanning over the target objects. We also apply the independence loop method and the spacing matching method to increase the signals strength of the transmitting array. In the aspect of imaging system, we use the ultrasonic phased array in application of distance measurement is based on TOF (time-of-flight) method. Moreover, with the scanning function that is collocated in front-end circuits; the relative location information of the target objects are collected. Then, after the processing of the LabVIEW graph-controlled programs, 2 Dimensional images of the target objects could be acquired. In order to widen the extent of the system applications, we put the array system together with PTU (pan and tilt unit) and adopt the 9-grid scanning method to enlarge the scope of the output image; separate tests have been physically performed in the lab water tank and undersea environments.

Chapter 1. Preface
1-1. Introduction to ultrasound ...............1
1-2. Research motive ..........................3
1-3. Thesis outline ...........................4

Chapter 2. Principles of the Ultrasonic Phased Array
2-1. Physics of ultrasound ....................6
2-1-1. Physics of sound wave ...............6
2-1-2. Reflection, transmission, and attenuation
of acoustic wave ........................9
2-2. Piezoelectric ceramic ...................10
2-2-1. Piezoelectric effect ...............11
2-2-2. Parameters of piezoelectric ceramic 12
2-3. Characteristic analysis of the phased array
.........................................13
2-3-1. Line array and its beam pattern ....14
2-3-2. Acoustic characteristic of the phased
array ..............................16

Chapter 3. Framework of the Ultrasonic Imaging System
3-1. Introduction to the system ..............18
3-2. Transmitting system .....................18
3-3. Phased array design .....................19
3-4. Receiving system ........................20
3-5. Control client ..........................20

Chapter 4. Designing and Testing of the Ultrasonic
Phased Array Imaging System
4-1. System design ...........................22
4-1-1. Fabrication of the phased array ....22
4-1-2. Beam forming technology ............23
4-1-3. Principles of the ultrasonic imaging
....................................24
4-2. Improving of the ultrasonic phased array 26
4-2-1. Independence loop method ...........26
4-2-2. Spacing matching method ............29
4-2-3. Acoustic field measurement .........30
4-2-4. Results and discussion .............31
4-3. Applying the ultrasonic array system to
imaging .............................32

Chapter 5. Conclusions ...........................38

References ........................................41

[1] W. P. Eaton and J. H. Smith, “A CMOS-compatible,
surface-micromachined pressure sensor for aqueous
ultrasonic application,” Proceeding of the SPIE, 2448,
pp. 258-265, 1995.
[2] John J. Leonard and Hugh F. Durrant-
Whyte, “Application of muti-target tracking to sonar-
based mobile robot navigation,” in Int. Conf.
Decision Control, pp. 3118-3123, December 1990.
[3] A. Abbate, J. Koay, J. Frankel, S. C. Schoeder, and P.
Das, “Signal Detection and Noise Suppression using a
Wavelet Transform Signal Processor: Application to
Ultrasonic Flaw Detection,” IEEE Trans. Ultrasonics,
Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., vol.44, no.1, pp. 14-27,
1997.
[4] N. W. Hagood and A. J. McFarland, “Modeling of a
Piezoelectric Notary Ultrasonic Motor,” IEEE Trans.
Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., vol. 42, pp. 210-
24, 1995.
[5] Fishers and Simmons, “Sound absorption in the sea
water,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 62, pp. 558-564, 1977.
[6] Richard L. Goldberg and Stephen W. smith, “ Multilayer
Piezoelectric Ceramics for Two-Dimensional Array
Transducers,’’ IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect.,
Freq. Contr., Vol. 41 no.5, pp. 761-771, September 1994.
[7] Ekapon Siwapornsathain and Amit Lal, “Micromachined
Ultrasonic Silicon/PZT Transducer for Underwater
Communications,” IEEE Ultrason., Symposium, pp. 945-
949, 2001.
[8] Yongrae Roh and Butrus T. Khuri-Yakub, “Finite Element
Analysis of Underwater Capacitor Micromachined
Ultrasonic Transducers,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason.,
Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., Vol. 49 no.3, pp. 293-298,
March 2002.
[9] Ken Enkson, Allen Hairston, Anthony N i d I, Jason
Stockwell, and Tim White, “A 128 x 128 Ultrasonic
Transducer Hybrid Array,” IEEE Ultrason., Symposium,
pp. 1625-1629, 1997.
[10]Vittorio Murino, Carlo S . Regazzoni, and Andrea
Trucco, “A Noncoherent Correlation Technique and
Focused Beamforming for Ultrasonic Underwater Imaging:
A Comparative Analysis,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason.,
Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., Vol. 41 no.5, pp. 621-630,
September 1994.
[11]Peder C. Pedersen, Peter A. Lewin, and Leif
BjOrnO, “Application of Time-Delay Spectrometry for
Calibration of Ultrasonic Transducers,” IEEE Trans.
Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., Vol. 35 no.2,
pp. 185-205, March 1988.
[12]J. Bernstein, Member, L. Finberg, Kenneth Houston, C.
Niles, H. Daniel Chen, L. Eric Cross, Kewen K. Li, and
E. Udayakumar, “Micromachined High Frequency
Ferroelectric Sonar Transducers,” IEEE Trans.
Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., Vol. 44 no.5, pp.
960-969, September 1997.
[13]W. P. Mason, “Electromechanical Transducers and Wave
Filters,” Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1948.
[14]Stewart, P. Leary, P. Dolgin and Yoseph Bar-
Cohen, “Comparison of the Mason and KLM Equivalent
Circuits for Piezoelectric Resonators in the Thickness
Mode”, IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq.
Contr., pp. 921-926, 1999.
[15]R. Krimholtz, D. A. Leedom, and G. L. Matthaei, “New
Equivalent Circuit for Elementary Piezoelectric
Transducers,” Electron. Lett., vol. 6, no. 13, pp. 398-
399, June 1970.
[16]M. Redwood, “Transient performance of a piezoelectric
transducer,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 33, no. 4, pp.
527-536, April 1961.
[17]S. A. Morris and C. G. Hutchens, “Implementation of
Mason’s Model on Circuit Analysis Programs,” IEEE
Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., vol. 33,
no. 3, pp. 295-298, May 1986.
[18]W. Marshall Leach, Jr., “Controlled-Source Analogous
Circuits and SPICE Models for Piezoelectric
Transducers,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect.,
Freq. Contr., vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 60-66, January 1994.
[19]A. Putter, P. Hauptmann, R. Lucklum, O. Krause, and B.
Henning, “SPICE Model for Lossy Piezoceramic
Transducers,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect.,
Freq. Contr., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 60-66 January 1997.
[20]Emiliano Maione and Piero Tortoli, “PSpice Modelling
of Ultrasound Transducers Comparison of Software Models
to Experiment,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect.,
Freq. Contr., vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 399-406, March 1999.
[21]Haifeng Wang, Wenwu Cao, Qifa Zhou, and K. Kirk
Shung, “Characterization of Ultra-Thin Quarter-
Wavelength Matching Layers of High Frequency Ultrasonic
Transducers,” IEEE Ultrason., Symposium, pp. 1048-
1051, 2003.
[22]S. Rhee, T. A. Ritter, K. K. Shung, H. Wang, and W.
Cao, “Materials for Acoustic Matching in Ultrasound
Transducers,” IEEE Ultrason., Symposium, pp. 1051-
1055, 2001.
[23]Takeshi Inoue, Takeshi Nada, Toshio Tsuchiya, Toshiyuki
Nakanishi, Tesuo Miyama, and Masashi Konno, “Tonpilz
Piezoelectric Transducers with Acoustic Matching Plates
for Underwater Color Imaging Transmission,” IEEE
Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., vol. 40,
no. 2, pp. 121-130, March 1993.
[24]Y. Hosono and Y. Yamashita, “Piezoelectric Ceramics
with High Dielectric Constants for Ultrasonic Medical
Transducers,” IEEE Ultrason., Symposium, pp. 1157-
1160, 2004.
[25]Jun Satonobu, DongKyung Lee, Kentaro Nakamura, and
Sadayuki Ueha, “Improvement of the Longitudinal
Vibration System for the Hybrid Transducer Ultrasonic
Motor,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq.
Contr., vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 216-221, January 2000.
[26]STUART M. KRAMER, STUART L. McBRIDE, H. DOUG
MAIR, “Characteristics of Wide-Band Planar Ultrasonic
Transducers using Plane and Edge Wave Contributions,”
IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., vol.
35, no. 2, pp. 253-263, March 1988.
[27]Jeffrey A. Ketterling, Orlando Aristizabal, and Daniel
H. Turnbull, “High-Frequency Piezopolymer Transducers
with a Copper-Clad Polyimide Backing Layer,” IEEE
Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., vol. 53,
no. 7, pp. 1376-1380, July 2006.
[28]Mir Said Seyed-Bolorforosh, “Ultrasonic Transducer
with Improved Bandwidth using Phase Shift Interference
in the Backing,” IEEE Ultrason., Symposium, pp. 1015-
1020, 1994.
[29]Toshio Kondo, Mikio Izumi, and Hiroshi Kanda, “Broad
Band Ultrasonic Transducers using Carbon Fiber
Composites for a Backing Material,” IEEE Ultrason.,
Symposium, pp. 1537-1540, 2006.
[30]Daniel H. Turnbull, and F. Stuart Foster, “
Fabrication and Characterization of Transducer
Elements in Two-Dimensional Arrays for Medical
Ultrasound Imaging,’’ IEEE Trans. Ultrason.,
Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., vol.39, no.4, pp. 464-475,
July 1992.
[31]Goode, A.H.; Harrold, S.O.; Reeves, J.M, “Design,
construction and application of a 2 MHz PZT ultrasonic
transducer array’’, Advances in Ultrasonic
Transducers and Arrays, IEE Colloquium on 10 Apr 1989
Page(s):7/1 - 7/4
[32]F. Ahmad and S. A. Kassam, “ Coarray Analysis of
Wideband Pulse-Echo Imaging Systems,” IEEE
Ultrason., Symposium, pp. 3185-3188, 1996.
[33]Urick, Robert J., Principles of Underwater Sound, 3rd
edition, McGraw-Hill, 1983.
[34]Smith, J.M. and H.C. Van Ness, Introduction to Chemical
Engineering Thermodynamics, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill,
1975.
[35]劉金源, “水中聲學：水聲系統之基本操作原理”, pp. 15, 國立編譯
館, 2001.
[36]Clay, Clarence S. and Herman Medwin, Acoustical
Oceangraphy – Principles and Application, John Wiley
1977.
[37]Elfgard Kuhnicke, “The Limitations of Snell’s Law in
the Design of Ultrasound Transducers,” IEEE
Ultrasonics Symposium, pp. 1067~1070, 1999.
[38]吳朗, “壓電陶瓷”, 全欣圖書公司, 1994.
[39]P.Curie and J. Curie : Bull.Soc.Min.de France, 3, p.
90, 1880.
[40]李昆展, “非均勻厚度壓電超音波換能器之分析模擬、製作與特
性量測”, 碩士論文, 民國92年.
[41]S. Sherrit, H. D. Wiederick, B. K.
Mukherjee, “Accurate Equivalent Circuits for Unload
Piezoelectric Resonators,” IEEE Ultrasonics
Symposium, pp. 931-935, 1997.
[42]Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith, Microelectronic
Circuits 5th ed, New York : Oxford University Press,
2004
[43]白明憲, “聲學理論與應用－主動式噪音控制”, pp. 3.25-3.26, 全
華圖書公司, 1991.
[44]Lawrence E., Austin R., Alan B., James V.,
Fundamentals of Acoustics, 4th edition, John Wiley &
Sons, 2000.
[45]蔡信宏, “水下超音波相移陣列系統之研發及其應用”, 碩士論文, 民
國95年.
[46]D. A. Christensen, Ultrasonic Bioinstrumentations,
John. Wiley & Sons, 1988.
[47]F. Gueuning, M. Varlan, C. Eugene, and P.
Dupuis, “Accurate Distance Measurement by an
Autonomous Ultrasonic System Combing Time-of-Flight and
Phase-Shift Methods,” IEEE Instrum. and Meas.
Technology Conference(Belgium), pp. 399-404, June 4-6,
1996.
[48]Jerry L. Sutton, “Underwater Acoustic Imaging,”
Proceedings of the IEEE, vol 67, pp. 554-556, April,
1979.
[49]Yeon-bo Kim and Yongrae Roh, “New design of matching
layers for high power and wide band ultrasonic
transducers,” Sensors and Actuators, A 71, pp. 116-
122, 1998.
[50]李瑋仁, “四波束切換式智慧型陣列天線之研製”, 碩士論文, 民國92
年.