臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

將氮肥與鉀肥以不同比例混合施用於三種水稻品種，台中一號感蟲品種，嘉農品系862118及嘉農品系862048抗蟲水稻品系並分別接入褐飛蝨，在溫室條件下以偏好性、抗生性及耐害性為指標評估三種水稻品種(系)對褐飛蝨的為害反應。結果顯示褐飛蝨對感蟲與抗蟲水稻品種在偏好性、抗生性及耐害性均有明顯差異；在偏好性試驗，於感蟲品種水稻上，於接蟲24小時後，褐飛蝨族群開始持續增加，但在抗蟲品種稻上，褐飛蝨族群則逐漸下降；在抗生性或存活率試驗，抗蟲品種(系)與感蟲品種水稻對褐飛蝨若蟲的存活率有明顯差異；在抗蟲品種水稻上，褐飛蝨的存活率為35-55%，相對於感蟲品種水稻，褐飛蝨存活率為73-88%。比較褐飛蝨發育所需時間，在抗蟲品種為17.2-18天，感蟲品種為13天。在抗蟲品種上，長翅型褐飛蝨發生數量雖較在感蟲品種上者為多，但在統計上並無明顯差異。本研究顯示，施用肥料並不能改變水稻品種對褐飛蝨的感受性，但增加少量的氮肥，不但可使褐飛蝨的族群略為增加，而且可使感蟲品種水稻中褐飛蝨自若蟲至成蟲的發育時間略為縮短；而增施鉀肥無論對抗蟲或感蟲水稻，對褐飛蝨的抗蟲性並無明顯的增強作用。寄主植物是否適於昆蟲的侵入及其族群的增長與危害，是一複雜的生化互動變化。此互動現象可表現在昆蟲的偏好性、抗生性及耐害性上，抗蟲性是受其遺傳因子所支配。由本研究結果顯示，外界因子如肥料之施用對作物品種之抗蟲特性，並不會形成明顯的改變。

A combination of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizer were used on three varieties of rice; a susceptible variety, Taichung Native 1, and two resistant varieties, Chia Non Shi 862118 and Chianung Shi 862048, which were then exposed to the brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal).Three tests were carried out to determine the response of N. lugens to rice in terms of their preference, antibiosis, and tolerance under green house conditions.
There was significant difference between the susceptible and resistant rice varieties in preference, antibiosis, and tolerance of N. lugens, however, no significance was detected in N. lugens response to different cultivars of rice under N and K fertilizer treatment. In the preference test N. lugens population on susceptible varieties started to increase 24 hrs after exposure but reduced on the resistant varieties.In the antibiosis or survival test there was significant difference between resistant and susceptible varieties in the duration growth and the percentage survival of N. lugens nymphs. The percentage survival of N. lugens on resistant varieties was 35% - 55%, as opposed to the susceptible variety at 73-88%. The duration growth for N. lugens on the resistant varieties was 17.2- 18 days, as opposed to the susceptible variety in 13 days. The number of macropterous N. lugens appeared to be higher on the resistant varieties than on the susceptible varieties even though it was not statistically significant. There was a significant difference in the rate of damage between the susceptible and resistant varieties. This study indicates that application of fertilizer did not alter the susceptibility of rice varieties. However, increasing the amount of nitrogen slightly increased the population of N. lugens and also slightly reduced the duration of growth of N. lugens from nymphs to adults on susceptible varieties. It also indicates that the varietal resistance to insect attack was a complex adaptive biochemical interaction between the resistant and the insect. The interaction can be expressed by non-prefernce, antibiosis or tolerance of an insect therefore the effects of the plant resistance to an insect are persistently cumulative, causing an overall reduction in the insect population on resistant varieties.

Table of Contents
Abstractvi
Chinese abstractviii
Acknowledgmentsx
List of Tablesxiv
List of Illustrationsxviii
I.Introduction1
II.Literature Review7
A.Taxonomy7
B.Distribution8
C.Host Range9
D.Biology and Ecology12
1.Description of the developmental stages12
2.Life history and behavior16
E.Population dynamic19
F.Control21
III.Materials and Methods27
A.Mass rearing of BPH27
B.Study of antixenosis or preference27
C.Antibiosis Experiment30
D.Tolerance experiment32
IV.Results and Discussion33
A.Study of antixenosis or preference33
B.Antibiosis Experiment52
C.Tolerance experiment65
V.Conclusion76
VI.References78
VII.Appendices95
Appendix 1. Rice Strains used95
Appendix.2..Average green house Temperature and Humidity March - May 200095
Appendix 3. Fertilizer rates for Preference experiment95
Appendix 4. Fertilizer rates for antibiosis experiment96
Appendix 5. Fertilizer rates for tolerance experiment96
Appendix 6. Soil sample analysis results96
VIII.Biosketch of author97
List of Tables
Table Page
1. The average number of N.lugens per seedling and its
damages on two resistant and one susceptible rice
variety at 24-hrs intervals for 96hrs.34
2. ANOVA for the comparison of the average number
of N. lugens per seedling between two resistant and
one susceptible variety at 24- hr intervals for 96hr35
3. ANOVA for the comparison of the plant damage
caused by N. lugens on two resistant and one
susceptible rice variety at 24-hr intervals for 96 hrs.36
4. Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer application
on the average number per seedling of N.lugens and its damage on two resistant and one susceptible variety at 24-hr intervals for 96 hr.37
5. ANOVA for the effect of nitrogen and potassium
fertilizer application on the average number per
seedling of N.lugens and its damage on two resistant
and one susceptible variety at 24-hr intervals
for 96 hrs38
Table Page
6. Effect of potassium fertilizer application on host
preference and plant damage of N. lugens on
resistant and susceptible varieties.39
7. ANOVA for the effect of potassium fertilizer
application on host preference of N. lugens on
resistant and susceptible rice varieties.48
8. ANOVA for the effect of potassium fertilizer
application on plant damage of N.lugens on resistant
and susceptible rice varieties49
9. ANOVA for the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application
on host preference of N. lugens on resistant and
susceptible rice varieties.…..50
10. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on host
preference and plant damage of N. lugens on resistant
and susceptible rice varieties51
11. ANOVA for the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application
on plant damage of N. lugens on resistant and
susceptible rice varieties53
Table Page
12. Effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer application
on the survival of 1st instar nymphs of N. lugens on
resistant and susceptible varieties54
13. ANOVA on the effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer
application on the survival of 1st instar nymphs of
N.lugens on resistant and susceptible varieties55
14. ANOVA on the effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer
application on the development of N.lugens nymphs to
adults on resistant and susceptible varieties61
15. ANOVA on the relationship of nitrogen and potassium
fertilizer application on the formation of macropterous
nymphs of N.lugens resistant and susceptible varieties64
16. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and potassium
fertilizers on the damage of rice varieties by N. lugens.66
17. ANOVA for combined effects of nitrogen and
potassium fertilizer application on the tolerance of
resistant and susceptible rice varieties to N. lugens..67
Table Page
18. Effect of potassium fertilizer application on the
tolerance of rice varieties to N. lugens.70
19. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on the
tolerance of rice varieties to N. lugens..71
20. Combined effects of nitrogen and potassium
fertilizer application on the tolerance of resistant and
susceptible rice varieties to N. lugens..72
List of Illustrations
Figure Page
1. Egg- mass of BPH.14
2. Newly hatched nymph, of BPH.14
3. Macropterous (L) and Brachypterous (R) adult BPH15
4. Preference experiment ( BPH infested Rice plants
caged).28
5. Antibiosis experiment ( BPH infested rice plants caged
with 32-mesh nylon nets)31
6. Population Changes of N. lugens on resistant and
susceptible varieties at 3 levels of nitrogen fertilizer
treatment40
7a. Population changes of N. lugens on resistant rice
variety, Chia Non Shi 862118 under the combined
treatment of nitrogen and potassium41
7b. Population changes of N. lugens on resistant rice
variety, Chia Non Shi 862048 under the combined
treatment of nitrogen and potassium42
7c. Population changes of N. lugens on susceptible rice
variety, Taichung Native 1 under the combined
treatment of nitrogen and potassium43
Figure Page
8. Population changes of N. lugens on resistant and
susceptible varieties under 3 levels of potassium
fertilizer treatment44
9. Preference experiment under Potassium and Nitrogen
fertilizer treatment. Susceptible variety (V3) hopper
burnt 45
10. Preference experiment under Potassium fertilizer
Treatment. Susceptible variety (V3) hopper
burnt46
11a. Survival of first instar nymphs on resistant
variety Chia Non Shi 862118 under nitrogen and
potassium fertilizer treatments56
11b. Survival of first instar nymphs on resistant
variety Chia Non Shi862048 under nitrogen and
potassium fertilizer treatments57
11c. Survival of first instar nymphs on susceptible variety
Taichung Native 1 under nitrogen and potassium
fertilizer treatments58
Figure Page
12 The development of N.lugens from the 1st instar
nymph to adult on resistant and susceptible
varieties under nitrogen and potassium fertilizer
treatment60
13 Percentage of N. lugens 1st instar nymph survived
to adult on resistant and susceptible varieties under
nitrogen and potassium fertilizer treatments62
14.Effect of rice varieties and fertilizer application
on the rate of the development of macropterous
adults in the N. lugens population.63
15.Resistant rice variety Chia Non Shi 862118, 30
days after infestation.68
16.Resistant rice variety Chia Non Shi 862048, 30 days after
infestation.68
17.Susceptible rice variety Taichung Native 1, fully hopper
burned 30 days after infestation69
18.Tolerance experiment, Chia Non Shi 862048 (L)
Taichung Native 1 (C), Chia Non Shi 862118 (R).69
Figure Page
19a. Progress of damage caused by N. lugens on
resistant variety Chia Non Shi 862118 receiving
different levels of nitrogen and potassium .73
19b. Progress of damage caused by N. lugens on resistant
variety Chia Non Shi 862048 receiving different
levels of nitrogen and potassium application74
19c. Progress of damage caused by N. lugens on
susceptible variety Taichung Native 1 receiving
different levels of nitrogen and potassium
application75

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